Table 2. Comparison of age, waist, fat mass and 65 mRNAs in omental fat from extremely obese control women versus those with diabetes or those taking drugs for treatment of hypertension.

	Controls (n=56)	Hypertensives (n=32)	Diabetics (n=17)
Age (in years)	39.4±1.3	40.6±1.6	46.1±2.9*
Waist circumference (in cm)	128±1.9	125±2.5	133±5.0
BMI	49.1±1.0	48.5±3.2	54.2±2.3*
Fat mass (in kg)	69.5±2.4	68.7±3.2	82.6±6.4
Glucose (in mg dl−1)	95.3±1.9	88.8±1.5**	159±7.8***
mRNAs altered in subjects with diabetes or taking drugs for treatment of hypertension
Akt1 (protein kinase B1)	0.62±0.20	0.61±0.26	−1.39±0.30***
Akt2 (protein kinase B2)	2.11±0.16	1.82±0.16	1.10±0.22***
Apelin	−5.35±0.16	−5.91±0.18*	−5.15±0.22
p67phox component of NOX2	−1.38±0.18	−1.56±0.19	−1.87±0.12*
Renin receptor	0.52±0.13	1.12±0.21**	0.65±0.16
CD150/SLAMF-1	−4.15±0.24	−3.15±0.29**	−4.54±0.41
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)	−7.00±0.42	−7.63±0.35	−8.62±0.40**
VEGFR1	−0.36±0.13	−0.83±0.15*	−1.35±0.34**
VEGFR1+Flt1	1.16±0.18	1.01±0.15	0.73±0.10*
mRNAs unaltered in subjects with diabetes or taking drugs for treatment of hypertension
ACE	−1.60±0.19	−1.62±0.24	−1.83±0.19
Adiponectin	3.99±0.21	3.81±0.27	4.01±0.28
Adipsin	2.45±0.15	2.78±0.19	1.94±0.28
AMPK α2 catalytic subunit	−2.91±0.15	−2.73±0.21	−2.96±0.16
Amyloid A	5.85±0.41	5.40±0.42	5.36±0.40
Angiotensin II receptor-2	−8.48±0.35	−8.26±0.37	−8.14±0.49
Angiotensin II receptor-1	0.17±0.12	0.70±0.28	0.32±0.29
Angiotensinogen	−3.29±0.16	−3.46±0.24	−3.60±0.37
CD-14	0.45±0.13	0.52±0.23	0.60±0.45
CD-163	−0.35±0.35	−0.74±0.26	−0.33±0.35
CIDEA	0.48±0.16	0.48±0.23	0.39±0.25
Cytochrome C oxidase	0.65±0.15	0.38±0.12	0.58±0.10
Endothelin-1	−2.41±0.18	−2.27±0.20	−2.84±0.24
FABP-4	7.84±0.17	7.91±0.20	7.64±0.12
FAT/CD36	6.52±0.34	6.18±0.37	6.45±0.49
GPX3	4.18±0.20	4.29±0.28	3.39±0.65
Glutathione S-transferase A4	−1.06±0.20	−1.51±0.32	−0.81±0.18
25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α hydroxylase	−1.14±0.39	−0.17±0.50	−1.33±0.39
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)	0.01±0.22	0.40±0.28	0.01±0.25
11-βHSD1	0.53±0.14	0.26±0.15	−0.08±0.27
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β)	−3.11±0.41	−2.16±0.66	−2.99±0.75
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA)	−4.57±0.24	−5.17±0.30	−4.32±0.52
IL-6	−9.21±0.48	−8.77±0.68	−8.60±0.85
IL-10	−2.48±0.19	−2.40±0.27	−2.62±0.76
Insulin receptor	−1.22±0.30	−1.01±0.44	−1.56±0.40
Leptin	2.32±0.25	1.71±0.25	1.63±0.30
Lipocalin-2	−8.97±0.29	−7.69±0.73	−8.80±0.56
Lipoprotein lipase	4.02±0.28	4.16±0.28	3.62±0.35
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)	2.54±0.45	2.69±0.22	2.26±0.64
MIF	−2.79±0.18	−2.24±0.32	−2.38±0.34
NF-κB p50 subunit (NF-κB1)	−3.06±0.18	−2.61±0.24	−3.06±0.33
Nerve growth factor (NGF)	−1.93±0.15	−1.94±0.16	−1.89±0.11
eNOS	−2.41±0.26	−2.33±0.32	−2.16±0.26
Osteoprotegerin	−3.61±0.36	−4.11±0.27	−3.63±0.20
PAI-1	−1.85±0.45	−1.03±0.67	−1.78±0.74
Perilipin	2.81±0.18	2.45±0.19	2.28±0.33
PGC-1α	−3.46±0.17	−3.21±0.19	−3.25±0.28
Phospholipase A2	1.33±0.35	1.65±0.35	1.61±0.36
PPARγ	1.61±0.15	1.50±0.22	1.58±0.23
PR domain containing 16 tv1	−4.84±0.18	−4.68±0.25	−4.91±0.23
RANTES	0.13±0.19	0.48±0.20	0.18±0.32
PI 3 kinase catalytic α subunit	0.15±0.14	0.01±0.25	−0.42±0.25
Phosphatase and tensin homolog	2.58±0.17	2.78±0.29	2.29±0.16
Retinol binding protein 4	2.34±0.20	2.13±0.18	2.08±0.33
Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2)	3.18±0.22	3.06±0.28	2.91±0.33
Sirtuin 1	−2.54±0.17	−2.35±0.21	−3.12±0.31
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1	4.02±0.35	3.26±0.40	3.61±0.56
SOCS-1	0.18±0.42	0.37±0.47	0.18±0.85
Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 tv1	3.48±0.27	3.53±0.39	3.08±0.49
Tpl2/MAP3K8/COT-1	−1.48±0.24	−1.46±0.26	−1.74±0.30
TRB3/Tribbles 3	−4.33±0.19	−4.65±0.22	−4.52±0.27
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2)	1.37±0.12	1.46±0.17	0.95±0.23
Vaspin	−1.89±0.32	−1.80±0.31	−2.66±0.26
VEGFA	0.71±0.22	0.54±0.15	0.44±0.21
VEGFR2	−0.58±0.10	−0.80±0.11	−0.68±0.19
Zinc α2-glycoprotein (ZAG)	−0.58±0.22	−0.66±0.35	−0.99±0.38

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin I converting enzyme; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; BMI, body mass index; CD, cluster of differentiation; CIDEA, cell death-inducing DFFA (DNA fragmentation factor-alpha)-like effector A; COT-1, cotyledon trichome 1; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FABP-4, fatty acid binding protein 4; Flt-1, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1; GPX3, glutathione peroxidase 3; MAP3K8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; NOX2, NADPH oxidase, PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; SLAMF-1, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1; SOCS-1, suppresssor of cytokine signaling molecule 1; TPL-2, tumor progression locus 2; TRB-3, tribbles 3; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.

Hypertensives are defined as women taking drugs for treatment of hypertension and diabetics as women with fasting blood glucose values over 125 mg dl⁻¹, but 71% of them were also taking anti-hypertensive drugs. The omental fat was derived from women undergoing gastric bypass surgery or lap band surgery. The values are shown as the means±s.e.m. of the ΔCp values from cyclophilin, the recovery standard, in omental fat with the sign reversed so that the larger the number the more mRNA. The mRNAs whose expression is at least threefold greater in fat than in non-fat/stromal cells of omental adipose tissue ¹⁶ are shown in bold. Differences between controls and diabetics or hypertensives that were statistically significant with P-values less than 0.05 are denoted as follows: ^*P⩾0.05, ^**P⩾0.01 and ^***P⩾0.001.