Table 3.
The Tromsø Staph and Skin Study. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) for S. aureus nasal colonization and carriage in non-smoking men and women by serum 25(OH)D tertiles and categories
| Swab culture | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single swab culture, 25(OH)D tertiles | ||||||||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | Total, n | Colonized, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | Total, n | Colonized, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
| <44.9 | 438 | 184 (42.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 566 | 142 (25.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 44.9–58.6 | 464 | 184 (39.7) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 537 | 130 (24.2) | 0.95 (0.73–1.25) | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) |
| >58.6 | 449 | 138 (30.7) | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) | 0.65 (0.49–0.87) | 552 | 131 (23.7) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) |
| p trend | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.60 | 0.94 | ||||
| Repeated swab culture, 25(OH)D tertiles | ||||||||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | Total, n | Carriers, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | Total, n | Carriers, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
| <44.9 | 329 | 123 (37.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 431 | 96 (22.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 44.9–58.6 | 346 | 129 (37.3) | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 390 | 83 (21.3) | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) |
| >58.6 | 317 | 86 (27.1) | 0.68 (0.49–0.96) | 0.67 (0.48–0.95) | 418 | 85 (20.3) | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.95 (0.68–1.33) |
| p trend | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.76 | ||||
| Single swab culture, 25(OH)D categories | ||||||||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | Total, n | Colonized, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | Total, n | Colonized, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
| <50.0 | 621 | 257 (41.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 783 | 197 (25.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 50.0–<75.0 | 603 | 215 (35.7) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 713 | 171 (24.0) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 1.0 (0.79–1.28) |
| 75.0 | 127 | 34 (26.8) | 0.57 (0.37–0.88) | 0.54 (0.35–0.84) | 159 | 35 (22.0) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.88 (0.58–1.34) |
| p trend | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.38 | 0.68 | ||||
| Repeated swab culture, 25(OH)D categories | ||||||||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | Total, n | Carriers, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) | Total, n | Carriers, n (%) | ORa (95% CI) | ORb (95% CI) |
| <50.0 | 471 | 177 (37.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 592 | 134 (22.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 50.0–<75.0 | 426 | 139 (32.6) | 0.84 (0.64–1.12) | 0.84 (0.63–1.11) | 524 | 108 (20.6) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.92 (0.69–1.23) |
| 75.0 | 95 | 22 (23.2) | 0.55 (0.33–0.92) | 0.52 (0.31–0.90) | 123 | 22 (17.9) | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29) |
| p trend | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.32 | ||||
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index
Values are given as means (SD) and numbers (%)
aNumbers may vary due to missing information
bKruskal Wallis test for continuous variables. Pearson Chi- square test for categorical variables
cOnly education below college/university degree
dHospitalization in last 12 months
eSedentary recreational physical activity like watching TV
fAlcohol intake ≥ 2 times per week