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. 2012 Mar 20;29(5):851–864. doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.1882

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

(A) The difference in spatial memory and learning performance on day 1 of Morris water maze (MWM) training [(I), typical path map that the normal group covered; (II), typical path map that the non-PQQ TBI group covered; (III), typical path map that the TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group covered; average time(s), mean times that each group spent searching for the platform; Normal, normal group; 5, TBI+PQQ 5 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 7, TBI+PQQ 7 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 10, TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group (n=6)]. Results are shown as the mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) and represent three independent experiments [#p<0.05 versus Normal (n=6); *p<0.05 versus Control (n=6)]. (B) The difference in spatial memory and learning performance on day 5 of MWM training [(I), typical path map that the normal group covered; (II), typical path map that the non-PQQ TBI group covered; (III), typical path map that the TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group covered; average time(s), mean times that each group spent searching for the platform; Normal, normal group; 5, TBI+PQQ 5 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 7, TBI+PQQ 7 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 10, TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group (n=6)]. Results are shown as the mean±SEM and represent three independent experiments [#p<0.05 versus Normal (n=6)]. (C) The difference in the total path that each group's animals covered on day 5 of MWM training [total path (mm), mean distance each group covered (within 120 sec) searching for the platform; Normal, normal group; 5, TBI+PQQ 5 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 7, TBI+PQQ 7 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 10, TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group (n=6)]. Results are shown as the mean±SEM and represent three independent experiments [#p<0.05 versus Normal (n=6); *p<0.05 versus Control (n=6)]. (D) The difference in memory retention when the platform was removed on day 6 of MWM training [(I), typical path map that the normal group covered; (II), typical path map that the non-PQQ TBI group covered; (III), typical path map that the TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group covered; last times(s), mean time that each group spent in the site where the platform was located; Normal, normal group; 5, TBI+PQQ 5 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 7, TBI+PQQ 7 mg/kg per day group (n=6); 10, TBI+PQQ 10 mg/kg per day group (n=6)]. Results are shown as the mean±SEM and represent three independent experiments [#p<0.05 versus Normal (n=6); PQQ, pyrroloquinoline quinine; TBI, traumatic brain injury].