Table 4.
Association between the TNF-alpha -308G>A (rs1800629) polymorphisms and migraine from random effects model, heterogeneity, and small study effects
| Migraine | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heterogeneity | Small study effects p-value |
||||||||
| Genetic model |
Participants | No of studies |
Pooled OR (95% CI) |
Q | df | p-value |
I2 in % |
Begg test | Egger’s test |
| additive | All (14–23) | 10 | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) | 78.6 | 9 | <0.0001 | 88.5 | 0.66 | 0.68 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | 30.3 | 4 | <0.0001 | 86.8 | 1.00 | 0.30 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.35 (0.96–1.89) | 1.1 | 1 | 0.29 | 12.5 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18, 23) | 3 | 2.32 (1.18–4.56) | 6.7 | 2 | 0.04 | 70.3 | 0.12 | 0.37 | |
| Females | 9 | 1.29 (0.83–2.00) | 73.4 | 8 | <0.0001 | 89.1 | 0.53 | 0.51 | |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.77 (0.44–1.32) | 23.4 | 4 | <0.0001 | 82.9 | 1.00 | 0.38 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | 1.2 | 1 | 0.28 | 12.8 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 4.02 (2.71–5.94) | 0.2 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14–16, 18–20, 22) | 7 | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 9.6 | 6 | 0.14 | 37.6 | 0.18 | 0.18 | |
| European descent (16, 19, 20, 22) | 4 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | 1.1 | 3 | 0.78 | 0.0 | 0.04 | 0.002 | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 1.51 (0.54–4.25) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 1.62 (0.77–3.43) | 0.4 | 1 | 0.53 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| dominant | All (14–23) | 10 | 1.21 (0.81–1.80) | 79.5 | 9 | <0.0001 | 88.7 | 0.66 | 0.65 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) | 29.8 | 4 | <0.0001 | 86.6 | 1.00 | 0.35 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.44 (1.03–2.00) | 1.0 | 1 | 0.31 | 1.5 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18, 23) | 3 | 2.35 (1.02–5.42) | 8.3 | 2 | 0.02 | 75.9 | 0.12 | 0.41 | |
| Females (14–22) | 9 | 1.36 (0.86–2.15) | 70.8 | 8 | <0.0001 | 88.7 | 0.53 | 0.46 | |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.79 (0.45–1.40) | 22.7 | 4 | <0.0001 | 82.4 | 1.00 | 0.44 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.45 (0.99–2.11) | 1.2 | 1 | 0.28 | 12.9 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 4.25 (2.81–6.44) | 0.0 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14–16, 18–20, 22) | 7 | 0.90 (0.51–1.58) | 10.3 | 6 | 0.11 | 41.6 | 0.65 | 0.20 | |
| European descent (16, 19, 20, 22) | 4 | 0.51 (0.30–0.85) | 1.5 | 3 | 0.69 | 0.0 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 1.51 (0.54–4.25) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 2.04 (0.85–4.86) | 0.0 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.0 | ---- | ---- | |
| recessive | All (15–19, 21) | 6* | 0.95 (0.36–2.52) | 12.5 | 5 | 0.03 | 59.9 | 0.85 | 0.99 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19) | 3* | 0.50 (0.11–2.23) | 5.1 | 2 | 0.08 | 60.6 | 0.60 | 0.51 | |
| Asian descent (21) | 1* | 0.29 (0.03–2.79) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2* | 3.83 (0.73–19.95) | 1.8 | 1 | 0.18 | 44.7 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Females (17, 18, 21) | 3* | 1.28 (0.29–5.72) | 5.6 | 2 | 0.06 | 64.0 | 0.60 | 0.79 | |
| European descent (17) | 1* | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Asian descent (21) | 1* | 0.29 (0.03–2.79) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (18) | 1* | 9.64 (1.13–82.42) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Males (16) | 1* | 0.21 (0.02–1.96) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Migraine with aura | |||||||||
| Heterogeneity | Small study effects p-value |
||||||||
| Genetic model |
Participants | No of studies |
Pooled OR (95% CI) |
Q | df | p-value |
I2 in % |
Begg test | Egger’s test |
| additive | All (14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23) | 6 | 1.20 (0.92–1.55) | 7.0 | 5 | 0.22 | 28.3 | 0.57 | 0.80 |
| European descent (16, 17, 20) | 3 | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 2.6 | 2 | 0.27 | 23.1 | 0.60 | 0.86 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.71 (1.07–2.71) | 0.7 | 1 | 0.41 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (23) | 1 | 0.65 (0.19–2.29) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Females (14, 17, 20, 21) | 4 | 1.42 (0.98–2.07) | 5.3 | 3 | 0.15 | 43.8 | 0.17 | 0.13 | |
| European descent (17, 20) | 2 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.8 | 1 | 0.36 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.81 (1.05–3.14) | 1.3 | 1 | 0.26 | 20.5 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14, 20) | 2 | 1.04 (0.29–3.71) | 0.1 | 1 | 0.73 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| European descent (20) | 1 | 1.37 (0.18–10.20) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 0.86 (0.16–4.87) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| dominant | All (14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23) | 6 | 1.29 (0.94–1.78) | 8.0 | 5 | 0.16 | 37.5 | 0.85 | 0.61 |
| European descent (16, 17, 20) | 3 | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) | 2.9 | 2 | 0.23 | 31.4 | 0.60 | 0.95 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.90 (1.17–3.09) | 0.5 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (23) | 1 | 0.65 (0.19–2.29) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Females (14, 17, 20, 21) | 4 | 1.65 (1.02–2.68) | 7.2 | 3 | 0.07 | 58.1 | 0.17 | 0.08 | |
| European descent (17, 20) | 2 | 1.42 (0.68–2.98) | 1.7 | 1 | 0.19 | 41.9 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 2.06 (1.19–3.58) | 1.1 | 1 | 0.29 | 12.4 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14, 20) | 2 | 1.09 (0.28–4.20) | 0.2 | 1 | 0.62 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| European descent (20) | 1 | 1.75 (0.17–17.99) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 0.86 (0.16–4.87) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| recessive | All (17) | 1* | 1.12 (0.82–1.54) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Migraine without aura | |||||||||
| Heterogeneity | Small study effects p-value |
||||||||
| Genetic model |
Participants | No of studies |
Pooled OR (95% CI) |
Q | df | p-value |
I2 in % |
Begg test | Egger’s test |
| additive | All (14–23) | 10 | 1.11 (0.74–1.67) | 78.6 | 9 | <0.0001 | 88.6 | 0.66 | 0.68 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.68 (0.41–1.13) | 27.6 | 4 | <0.0001 | 85.5 | 1.00 | 0.28 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) | 0.4 | 1 | 0.55 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18, 23) | 3 | 2.87 (1.86–4.43) | 2.8 | 2 | 0.25 | 28.0 | 0.12 | 0.33 | |
| Females (14, 15, 17–22) | 8 | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) | 49.4 | 7 | <0.0001 | 85.8 | 1.00 | 0.22 | |
| European descent (17, 19, 20, 22) | 4 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.5 | 3 | 0.91 | 0.0 | 0.50 | 0.37 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.18 (0.83–1.70) | 0.1 | 1 | 0.80 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 4.02 (2.71–5.94) | 0.2 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14, 15, 18–20, 22) | 6 | 1.11 (0.69–1.77) | 4.9 | 5 | 0.43 | 0.0 | 0.57 | 0.89 | |
| European descent (19, 20, 22) | 3 | 0.61 (0.29–1.27) | 0.1 | 2 | 0.96 | 0.0 | 0.60 | 0.81 | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 1.86 (0.62–5.58) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 1.62 (0.77–3.43) | 0.4 | 1 | 0.53 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| dominant | All (14–23) | 10 | 1.13 (0.73–1.76) | 80.4 | 9 | <0.0001 | 88.8 | 0.66 | 0.66 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19, 20, 22) | 5 | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | 26.7 | 4 | <0.0001 | 85.0 | 1.00 | 0.34 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.32 (0.92–1.90) | 0.3 | 1 | 0.57 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18, 23) | 3 | 2.94 (1.57–5.50) | 4.0 | 2 | 0.13 | 50.4 | 0.12 | 0.35 | |
| Females (14, 15, 17–22) | 8 | 1.52 (0.94–2.46) | 47.9 | 7 | <0.0001 | 85.4 | 0.81 | 0.18 | |
| European descent (17, 19, 20, 22) | 4 | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | 0.5 | 3 | 0.91 | 0.0 | 1.00 | 0.71 | |
| Asian descent (14, 21) | 2 | 1.27 (0.86–1.86) | 0.1 | 1 | 0.78 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 4.25 (2.81–6.44) | 0.0 | 1 | 0.97 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Males (14, 15, 18–20, 22) | 6 | 1.18 (0.71–1.97) | 4.9 | 5 | 0.42 | 0.0 | 0.57 | 0.85 | |
| European descent (19, 20, 22) | 3 | 0.63 (0.29–1.34) | 0.1 | 2 | 0.95 | 0.0 | 0.60 | 0.76 | |
| Asian descent (14) | 1 | 1.86 (0.62–5.58) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2 | 2.04 (0.85–4.86) | 0.0 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.0 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| recessive | All (15–19, 21) | 6* | 1.03 (0.40–2.62) | 11.2 | 5 | 0.047 | 55.4 | 0.85 | 0.99 |
| European descent (16, 17, 19) | 3* | 0.54 (0.13–2.27) | 4.6 | 2 | 0.10 | 56.1 | 0.60 | 0.50 | |
| Asian descent (21) | 1* | 0.39 (0.04–3.75) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Heterogeneous descent (15, 18) | 2* | 3.83 (0.73–19.95) | 1.8 | 1 | 0.18 | 44.7 | 0.32 | ---- | |
| Females (17, 18, 21) | 3* | 1.39 (0.34–5.70) | 5.0 | 2 | 0.08 | 59.6 | 0.60 | 0.74 | |
| European descent (17) | 1* | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
| Asian descent (21) | 1* | 0.39 (0.04–3.75) | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
OR: odds ratio.
*
effect estimates for some studies could not be calculated due to small numbers