Fig. 6.

Prx1-TLR4 signaling may be affected by other ligands of TLR4. Recent studies have established that Prx1⁽¹⁵⁾ and malaria parasite Prx⁽¹⁴⁾ are ligands of TLR4. Although there is no evidence, Prx2 may also bind TLR4. Nematode Prx, having a low structural similarity to mammalian 2-Cys Prxs, might also bind to TLR4. Functional interactions through TLR4 among Prxs and Prxs with other key inflammatory modulators including LM-HA, Hsp70 and LPS will be important subjects for future research (see text).