Table 1.

Results from 9 high-throughput assays used to evaluate the extracts for their potential antigingivitis activities and anticaries activities.

Assay	Beer	Black tea	Chicory	Cranberry	Green tea	Shiitake	Raspberry
1. Inhibition of biofilm formation. ± = 25%, 1 = 25–50%, 2 = 51–80%, 3 = 81–100% compared to untreated control.
Sm	2	2	0	1	2	1	3
Sm (+sucrose)	2	1	1	1	2	3	3
Lc	±	3	1	±	2	2	3
Vd	3	3	3	3	3	2	3
Fn	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
An	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Pi	3	2	3	2	2	3	3
2. Antibacterial activity (MIC)
Pi	>50	>50	50	3.13	>50	12.5	50
An	12.5	25	>50	3.13	25	6.25	12.5
Lc	50	50	>50	>50	12.5	12.5	12.5
Sm	50	50	>50	>50	3.13	12.5	12.5
3. Prevention of coaggregation. 0 = no inhibition, 1 = partial inhibition, 2 = complete inhibition
Pi/Ss	0	2	0	2	1	1	1
Fn/Ss	0	1	0	2	0	0	1
Fn/Ns	0	2	1	1	1	2	0
Sa/Vp	0	1	0	1	0	0	1
Sa/Ns	1	0	1	2	0	1	0
Sm/Ss	1	0	1	1	0	2	0
Sm/Lc	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
4. Disruption of pre-existing biofilms. % disrupted (% dead)
An	22 (12)	11 (1)	38 (4)	nt	nt	52 (4)	32 (6)
Pi	67 (6)	45 (10)	27 (13)	ny	nt	31 (19)	55 (19)
Lc	51 (7)	50 (6)	59 (3)	15 (7)	53 (3)	31 (2)	31 (8)
Sm	33 (9)	31 (27)	38 (5)	26 (9)	6.5 (1)	75 (58)	44 (4)
5a. Prevention of the adhesion to gingival epithelial cells
An	53	53	81	76	91	Toxic	66
5b. Prevention of the invasion into gingival epithelial cells
An	93	95	98	94	100	Toxic	69
7a. Prevention of adhesion to hydroxyapatite
Sm	32	65	75	98	96	44	81
Ss	27	79	55	91	21	70	92
Lc	24	88	89	98	52	80	93
7b. Prevention of induction of detachment from hydroxyapatite
Sm	6	27	16	21	22	21	10
Ss	4	NT	5	21	2	14	6
Lc	5	15	22	5	8	28	7
8. Disruption of signal transduction. % of control
Sm	38	87	39	39	61	21	51

Sm: S. mutans; Lc: L. casei; Vd: V. dispar; Fn: F. nucleatum; An: A. naeslundii; Pi: P. intermedia; Ns: N. subflava; Ss: S. sanguinis.