Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population by dementia status at followup. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted. Percentages are by column
| Variablea | All (n = 1779) | Without incident dementia (n = 1653) | With incident dementia (n = 126) | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-native english speakers (n-nes), n (%) | 390 (21.9) | 357 (21.6) | 33 (26.2) | 0.22 |
| Age, years [range] | 78.6 (5.3) [70–100] | 78.4 (5.3) [70–100] | 80.7 (5.4) [70–97] | <0.0001 |
| Gender, n (% women) | 1081 (60.8) | 998 (60.4) | 83 (65.9) | 0.22 |
| Race, n (% white) | 1245 (70.3) | 1160 (70.5) | 85 (67.5) | 0.46 |
| Education, years [range] | 13.1 (3.6) [0–25] | 13.1 (3.6) [5–25] | 12.8 (3.6) [5–20] | 0.31 |
| Reading grade levelc (median) [IQR] | 12 (10–13) [2–13] | 12 (10–13) [2–13] | 12 (10–13) [4–13] | 0.26 |
| Immigrated to united states, n (%) | 398 (22.5) | 365 (22.2) | 32 (25.4) | 0.40 |
| Married, n (%) | 707 (39.9) | 665 (40.4) | 42 (33.6) | 0.13 |
| BIMCd (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–13] | 2 (1–4) [0–13] | 4 (2–6) [0–13] | <0.0001 |
| FCSRTe (free recall) [range] | 29.9 (6.3) [13–48] | 30.3 (6.0) [14–48] | 24.6 (7.3) [9–45] | <0.0001 |
| 15-item GDSf (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 2 (1–4) [0–12] | 0.22 |
| Self-reported diabetes, n (%) | 296 (16.6) | 280 (16.9) | 16 (12.7) | 0.22 |
| Self-reported hypertension, n (%) | 1021 (57.4) | 949 (57.4) | 72 (57.1) | 0.95 |
| Self-reported stroke, n (%) | 163 (9.2) | 154 (9.3) | 9 (7.1) | 0.42 |
| Self-reported MI, n (%) | 178 (10.0) | 163 (9.9) | 15 (11.9) | 0.46 |
Percentages might not equal 100, due to rounding.
Abbreviations: BIMC, Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration test; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding test; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction.
p-values for comparison of the with and without dementia groups. For continuous variables, group means (Student’s t-tests) or medians (Wilcoxon rank-sum test) were compared as appropriate; X2 or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare proportions for categorical variables.
From Wide Ranging Achievement Test, Reading Portion (English proficiency).
Scores range from 0 to 33 with higher scores indicating worse performance; scores ≥8 indicate impairment.
Scores range from 0 to 48 with higher scores indicating better memory performance. Scores ≤24 indicate impaired memory.
Scores higher than 6 on the 15-item test indicate significant depressive symptoms.