Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population by language usage. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted. Percentages are by column
| Variablea | All (n = 1779) | Native english speakers (n = 1389) | Non-native english speakers (n = 390) | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-Up Time (median) [IQR], years | 1.44 (0–3.6) [0–16.3] | 1.40 (0.0–3.6) [0–16.3] | 1.52 (0.0–3.6) [0–11.6] | 0.68 |
| Absolute dementia incidence rate (100/PY) | 3.02 (2.54–3.60) | 2.87 (2.34–3.52) | 3.54 (2.51–4.97) | 0.31 |
| Age, years [range] | 78.6 (5.3) [70–100] | 78.3 (5.2) [70–100] | 79.4 (5.6) [70–100] | 0.0003 |
| Gender, n (% women) | 1081 (60.8) | 845 (60.8) | 236 (60.5) | 0.91 |
| Race, n (% white) | 1245 (70.3) | 928 (67.2) | 317 (81.5) | <0.0001 |
| Education, years [range] | 13.1 (3.6) [0–25] | 13.3 (3.4) [2–25] | 12.5 (4.2) [0–24] | 0.0006 |
| Reading grade levelc (median) [IQR] | 12 (10–13) [2–13] | 12 (10–13) [2–13] | 12 (10–13) [2–13] | 0.78 |
| Immigrated to united states, n (%) | 398 (22.5) | 155 (11.2) | 243 (62.6) | <0.0001 |
| Married, n (%) | 707 (39.9) | 531 (38.4) | 176 (45.2) | <0.01 |
| BIMCd (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–13] | 2 (1–4) [0–13] | 2 (1–4) [0–13] | 0.23 |
| FCSRTe (free recall) [range] | 29.9 (6.3) [13–48] | 29.9 (6.3) [13–46] | 30.1 (6.4) [11–48] | 0.51 |
| 15-item GDSf (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 0.30 |
| Self-reported diabetes, n (%) | 296 (16.6) | 233 (16.8) | 63 (16.2) | 0.77 |
| Self-reported hypertension, n (%) | 1021 (57.4) | 825 (59.4) | 196 (50.3) | 0.001 |
| Self-reported stroke, n (%) | 163 (9.2) | 132 (9.5%) | 31 (8%) | 0.35 |
| Self-reported MI, n (%) | 178 (10.0) | 133 (9.6) | 45 (11.5) | 0.25 |
Percentages might not equal 100, due to rounding.
Abbreviations: BIMC, Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration test; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding test; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IQR, interquartile range; myocardial infarction.
p-values for comparison of n-NES to native speakers. For continuous variables, group means (Student’s t-tests) or medians (Wilcoxon rank-sum test) were compared as appropriate; X2 or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare proportions for categorical variables.
From Wide Ranging Achievement Test, Reading Portion (English proficiency).
Scores range from 0 to 33 with higher scores indicating worse performance; scores ≥8 indicate impairment.
Scores range from 0 to 48 with higher scores indicating better memory performance. Scores ≤24 indicate impaired memory.
Scores higher than 6 on the 15-item test indicate significant depressive symptoms.