Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of n-NES according to use of non-english mother tongue at EAS baseline. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise noted. Percentages are by column
| Variablea | No use (n = 267) | Any use (n = 123) | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age of english acquisition (median) [IQR], years | 6 (5–12) [2.41] | 14 (6–22) [3–55] | <0.0001 |
| Follow-up time (median) [IQR], years | 1.55 (0.0–3.6) [0.0–11.55] | 1.17 (0.0–3.4) [0.0–10.38] | 0.60 |
| Age [range] | 80.1 (5.7) [70–96] | 78.0 (5.0) [70–88] | 0.0005 |
| Gender, n (% women) | 171 (63.1) | 65 (54.6) | 0.11 |
| Race, n (% white) | 242 (89.3) | 75 (63.6) | <0.0001 |
| Education, years [range] | 12.7 (4.0) [5–24] | 12.0 (4.8) [1–23] | 0.22 |
| Reading grade levelc (median) [IQR] | 12 (11–13) [2–13] | 12 (9–13) [2–13] | 0.04 |
| Immigrated to United States, n (%) | 147 (54.4) | 96 (81.4) | <0.0001 |
| Married, n (%) | 118 (43.7) | 58 (48.7) | 0.36 |
| BIMCd (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–11] | 3 (1–5) [0–13] | 0.001 |
| FCSRTe (free recall) [range] | 30.0 (6.3) [11–43] | 30.3 (6.6) [15–48] | 0.75 |
| 15-item GDSf (median) [IQR] | 2 (1–4) [0–12] | 2 (1–4) [0–14] | 0.17 |
| Self-reported diabetes, n (%) | 34 (12.6) | 29 (24.4) | 0.004 |
| Self-reported hypertension, n (%) | 136 (50.2) | 60 (50.4) | 0.97 |
| Self-reported Stroke, n (%) | 23 (8.5) | 8 (6.7) | 0.55 |
| Self-reported MI, n (%) | 31 (11.4) | 14 (11.8) | 0.93 |
Percentages might not equal 100, due to rounding.
Abbreviations: BIMC, Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration test; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding test; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction.
p-values are from comparison of means using Student’s t-tests or comparison of medians using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test; X2 or Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate for comparison of proportions.
From Wide Ranging Achievement Test, Reading Portion.
Scores range from 0 to 33 with higher scores indicating worse performance; scores ≥8 indicate impairment.
Scores range from 0 to 48 with higher scores indicating better memory performance. Scores ≤24 indicate impaired memory.
Scores higher than 6 on the 15-item test indicate significant depressive symptoms.