Table 3.
Change over time in psychosocial and physiological profiles in sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women with RLS (N = 8 yoga, 10 controls).
| Yoga | Educational film (Control) | Between-group difference over time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | P | Pre | Post | P | P | Effect size¥ | |
| (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | (Mean ± SE) | |||||
| Sleep quality, stress, and mood | ||||||||
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | ||||||||
| Global | 8.71 ± 1.15 | 3.57 ± 0.53 | 0.001 | 9.25 ± 1.05 | 8.00 ± 0.93 | NS | 0.01 | 2.59 |
| Sleep latency | 0.88 ± 0.40 | 0.88 ± 0.35 | NS | 1.25 ± 0.41 | 1.50 ± 0.38 | NS | NS | 0.25 |
| Sleep quality | 1.38 ± 0.50 | 0.75 ± 0.41 | NS | 1.88 ± 0.40 | 1.38 ± 0.50 | 0.04 | NS | 0.11 |
| Sleep duration | 1.50 ± 0.38 | 0.50 ± 0.27 | 0.02 | 1.40 ± 0.40 | 1.30 ± 0.0.34 | NS | 0.04 | 1.18 |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.75 ± 0.41 | 0.63 ± 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.75 ± 0.37 | 0.38 ± 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.70 |
| Sleep disturbance | 1.71 ± 0.18 | 1.14 ± 0.14 | 0.03 | 1.75 ± 0.16 | 1.75 ± 0.25 | NS | 0.07 | 1.44 |
| Sleep medication | 0.13 ± 0.13 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NS | 0.88 ± 0.35 | 0.63 ± 0.38 | NS | NS | −0.33 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 2.00 ± 0.27 | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.002 | 1.50 ± 0.17 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | NS | 0.01 | 2.64 |
| Average sleep duration in hours | 5.72 ± 0.45 | 7.33 ± 0.53 | 0.001 | 6.40 ± 0.32 | 6.28 ± 0.30 | NS | 0.0001 | −1.35 |
| Prevalence of insomnia (PSQI > 5) (%) | 87.50% | 12.50% | 0.01 | 100.00% | 70.00% | NS | 0.03 | — |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 24.00 ± 1.88 | 14.71 ± 2.75 | 0.006 | 18.44 ± 1.47 | 19.67 ± 1.39 | NS | 0.03 | 1.98 |
| Profile of Mood States | ||||||||
| Total | 24.00 ± 4.11 | −12.50 ± 7.06 | 0.02 | 18.60 ± 2.71 | 24.11 ± 8.96 | NS | 0.02 | 2.35 |
| Tension/Anxiety | 5.75 ± 1.28 | 0.88 ± 1.69 | 0.07 | 4.22 ± 0.53 | 5.78 ± 1.55 | NS | 0.05 | 1.78 |
| Confusion | 3.43 ± 2.28 | 0.00 ± 0.49 | NS | 1.50 ± 1.45 | 2.00 ± 1.67 | NS | 0.09 | 2.84 |
| Depression | 13.25 ± 0.73 | 2.88 ± 1.23 | 0.001 | 11.22 ± 1.03 | 11.11 ± 1.87 | NS | 0.06 | 4.97 |
| Anger/Hostility | 5.14 ± 0.64 | 2.29 ± 0.67 | 0.02 | 7.33 ± 0.78 | 9.78 ± 1.30 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 2.93 |
| Vigor | 12.50 ± 1.08 | 19.88 ± 2.41 | 0.015 | 16.33 ± 0.91 | 15.67 ± 0.98 | NS | 0.02 | −2.63 |
| Fatigue | 13.29 ± 1.95 | 7.43 ± 2.95 | 0.08 | 8.22 ± 1.20 | 9.33 ± 1.51 | NS | 0.05 | 1.26 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | ||||||||
| State | 33.29 ± 2.59 | 26.14 ± 2.22 | 0.05 | 28.13 ± 2.44 | 32.75 ± 3.37 | 0.05 | 0.002 | 1.87 |
| Trait | 39.71 ± 3.90 | 33.43 ± 4.02 | NS | 36.38 ± 2.77 | 34.88 ± 3.53 | NS | NS | 0.43 |
| Duke Social Support Index | ||||||||
| Social Interaction | 10.00 ± 1.33 | 10.00 ± 1.02 | NS | 10.75 ± 1.13 | 11.00 ± 0.89 | NS | NS | NA |
| Social Support | 17.17 ± 1.19 | 19.50 ± 0.43 | NS | 18.38 ± 0.71 | 18.13 ± 0.69 | NS | NS | NA |
| Heart rate and blood pressure | ||||||||
| Average heart rate (supine) | 68.13 ± 3.48 | 65.00 ± 3.64 | NS | 66.80 ± 4.56 | 64.60 ± 3.42 | NS | NS | 0.09 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 145.75 ± 9.80 | 125.50 ± 3.24 | 0.04 | 139.93 ± 6.44 | 131.13 ± 4.51 | NS | 0.05 | 1.25 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 83.13 ± 4.36 | 73.75 ± 3.68 | 0.02 | 74.40 ± 3.42 | 73.80 ± 2.59 | NS | 0.03 | 0.89 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||||||
| Waist (cm) | 108.95 ± 5.79 | 106.91 ± 4.78 | NS | 108.60 ± 4.63 | 110.68 ± 4.74 | NS | NS | 0.25 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.83 ± 4.33 | 87.67 ± 4.30 | NS | 83.56 ± 3.66 | 84.26 ± 4.12 | NS | NS | 0.15 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.59 ± 2.13 | 32.96 ± 1.74 | NS | 32.27 ± 1.95 | 32.30 ± 2.15 | NS | NS | 0.11 |
¥Between-group effect size (Cohen's d), adjusted for differences in baseline values, NS: Non-significant (P > 0.10).