Figure 1. Musical intervals in Carnatic and Western music.

(A) The 12 principal intervals of Carnatic music (13 including unison). Each interval is a tone defined by the ratio of its fundamental frequency to the tonic (Sa). Interval names, abbreviations, frequency ratios, and sizes in cents for just intonation (JI) as well as 12-tone equal temperament (12-TET) tunings are shown. When two names are given they refer to enharmonic equivalents. Here and in Figure 2, a dot above or below the abbreviated interval name indicates that it belongs in the octave above or below, respectively. (B) The 12 intervals of the Western chromatic scale, comparably presented.