Table 1.

Components of ‘actionable feedback’(11) included in examples of recent (2009–2010) studies employing performance feedback

Citation	Topic	Description of Intervention	Population	Outcome Direction	Components of Actionable Feedback
					Timely*	Individualized	Non-Punitive	Customized
(13)	Marijuana use	Electronic personalized feedback (single time)	College students	No effect	No	Yes	Yes	No
(14)	Alcohol consumption	Electronic personalized feedback (single time)	College athletes	Modest positive	No	Yes	Yes	No
(15)	Alcohol consumption	Gender-specific normative feedback (single time)	College students	Modest positive	No	Yes	Yes	No
(16)	Alcohol consumption	Personalized, face-to-face vs computerized feedback	College heavy drinkers	Positive	No	Yes	Yes	No
(17)	Antibiotic prescribing	Written feedback (single time) compared with written and verbal feedback	General practitioners	Positive for written, no added value of verbal	No	No (group)	Yes	No
(18)	Antibiotic prescribing	Written feedback from infectious disease specialist	Internal medicine physicians	Positive	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
(19)	Prophylactic antibiotic prescribing	Several forms of feedback	Surgeons	Positive for real-time guidance and reminders	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
(20)	Diabetes care	Written group feedback	Primary care physicians	Modest positive	No	No (group)	Yes	No
(21)	Antipsychotic prescribing in schizophrenia	Aggregated verbal and written reports to groups	Outpatient mental health services facilities	Positive	No	No (group)	Yes	No
(22)	Emotional reactivity and psychological symptoms	Verbal feedback	Young adults diagnosed with maladaptive perfectionism	Positive	No	Yes	Yes	No

^*Defined as monthly or more and/or in ‘real time’