Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Fracture Cases and Controls by Ethnicity
| White | Black | Hispanic | Asian | American Indian | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n=390) |
Case (n=390) |
p- value |
Control (n=379) |
Case (n=379) |
p- value |
Control (n=191) |
Case (n=191) |
p-value | Control (n=112) |
Case (n=112) |
p- value |
Control (n=44) |
Case (n=44) |
p-value | |
| Age, mean (SD), yrs | 66.2 ± 7.4 | 66.2 ± 7.4 | 0.94 | 62.6 ± 7.7 | 62.6 ± 7.6 | 0.99 | 62.8 ± 7.4 | 62.9 ± 7.5 | 0.97 | 65.1 ± 7.6 | 65.1 ± 7.6 | 0.99 | 63.6 ± 7.3 | 63.6 ± 7.4 | 0.99 |
| Education, <high school, % | 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.75 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 0.58 | 18.2 | 24.9 | 0.13 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 0.41 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 0.99 |
| Smoking status, % | 0.45 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.77 | ||||||||||
| Past | 43.8 | 39.3 | 33.9 | 43.1 | 29.0 | 26.7 | 14.8 | 18.5 | 34.9 | 34.1 | |||||
| Current | 5.7 | 6.0 | 11.7 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 7.4 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 11.6 | 17.1 | |||||
| Alcohol, ≥7 drinks/wk, % | 12.5 | 10.7 | 0.48 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 0.62 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 0.59 | 5.5 | 7.3 | 0.89 | 9.3 | 4.7 | 0.57 |
| Health status, fair to poor , % | 5.7 | 7.8 | 0.16 | 22.1 | 24.3 | 0.70 | 25.6 | 29.7 | 0.67 | 8.3 | 15.6 | 0.06 | 23.8 | 14.6 | 0.57 |
| RAND 36-Physical Functioning Score >90, % |
39.7 | 33.3 | 0.07 | 28.8 | 28.0 | 0.82 | 34.5 | 30.8 | 0.49 | 47.6 | 38.9 | 0.20 | 27.5 | 25.0 | 0.80 |
| Physical activity, median (IQR), METs/wk |
8.8 (2.9-20.9) |
8.5 (2.5-18.2) |
0.38 | 6.3 (1.3-15.3) |
5.0 (1.1-15.3) |
0.31 | 6.4 (2.0-17.5) |
6.9 (1.5-16.5) |
0.89 | 10.8 (3.8-25.8) |
10.5 (2.5-19.3) |
0.24 | 7.5 (1.9-15.2) |
6.2 (1.3-14.3) |
0.67 |
| Total calcium intake*, median (IQR), mg/day |
760.1 (524-1078) |
733.6 (524-1078) |
0.42 | 498.2 (305-753) |
515.5 (326-847) |
0.24 | 596.6 (405-913) |
655 (428-910) |
0.71 | 510.8 (326-747) |
480.8 (298-742) |
0.79 | 667.0 (385-1041) |
658.4 (402-908) |
0.75 |
| Treated diabetes mellitus, % | 2.9 | 6.0 | 0.04 | 11.1 | 16.2 | 0.05 | 7.7 | 12.1 | 0.16 | 2.8 | 7.3 | 0.12 | 11.6 | 23.3 | 0.16 |
| Broke bone, ever, % | 35.1 | 55.4 | <0.001 | 21.1 | 30.3 | 0.004 | 21.5 | 36.1 | 0.002 | 19.6 | 25.9 | 0.26 | 34.1 | 50.0 | 0.13 |
| Parental history of fracture, % yes | 38.2 | 46.2 | 0.025 | 18.7 | 20.8 | 0.466 | 30.9 | 33.0 | 0.661 | 29.5 | 31.3 | 0.772 | 27.3 | 40.9 | 0.177 |
| Hormone therapy use, past, % | 26.4 | 27.5 | 0.75 | 19.7 | 17.8 | 0.50 | 20.9 | 19.8 | 0.79 | 34.9 | 27.5 | 0.24 | 37.2 | 20.9 | 0.10 |
| Oral glucocorticoid use, daily,% | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.13 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 0.15 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 0.20 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.50 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 0.31 |
| Falls, past 12 months, % | 0.606 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.30 | ||||||||||
| 1 | 18.7 | 20.9 | 17.1 | 20.1 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 11.9 | 19.3 | 23.3 | 25.6 | |||||
| ≥2 | 13.2 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 14.9 | 16.9 | 21.4 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 23.3 | |||||
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.3 ± 5.7 | 27.7 ± 5.6 | 0.34 | 30.4 ± 6.7 | 30.5 ± 6.4 | 0.94 | 28.4 ± 6.7 | 29.5 ± 6.5 | 0.12 | 24.5 ± 6.2 | 24.8 ± 5.1 | 0.72 | 29.6 ± 7.0 | 29.3 ± 6.7 | 0.81 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 84.6 ± 12.8 | 86.7 ± 13.1 | 0.02 | 90.9 ± 14.4 | 91.5 ± 13.6 | 0.57 | 85.4 ± 12.5 | 89.3 ± 13.1 | 0.003 | 25.8 ± 5.8 | 26.5 ± 9.5 | 0.44 | 88.7 ± 14.6 | 90.8± 15.6 | 0.53 |
| 25(OH)D level, % | 0.052 | 0.121 | 0.913 | 0.684 | 0.683 | ||||||||||
| <20 ng/mL | 30.7 | 38.5 | 70.5 | 63.6 | 48.7 | 46.6 | 38.4 | 33.0 | 59.1 | 65.9 | |||||
| ≥20-<30 ng/mL | 42.3 | 40.0 | 22.4 | 28.5 | 36.1 | 37.2 | 35.7 | 40.2 | 20.5 | 20.5 | |||||
| 30-65.1 ng/mL | 26.9 | 21.5 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 15.2 | 16.2 | 25.9 | 26.8 | 20.5 | 13.6 | |||||
| 25(OH)D level, median (IQR), ng/mL | 24.2 (18.3-30.5) |
22.6 (17.4-28.5) |
0.02 | 15.8 (11.2-21.5) |
15.9 (11.0-22.8) |
0.45 | 20.3 (16.4-26.3) |
20.3 (14.1-26.9) |
0.67 | 23.6 (16.8-30.4) |
23.9 (18.6-31.6) |
0.66 | 17.5 (12.9-29.1) |
16.3 (12.7-24.5) |
0.65 |
| 25(OH)D level, mean (SD), ng/mL | 25.1 ± 9.7 | 23.6 ± 9.5 | 0.04 | 17.2 ± 8.2 | 17.8 ± 8.9 | 0.33 | 21.5 ± 8.5 | 21.0 ± 8.3 | 0.58 | 24.8 ± 10.0 | 25.1 ± 9.5 | 0.79 | 20.7 ± 10.3 | 19.4 ± 10.1 | 0.55 |
| PTH level, median (IQR), pg/ml | 18.0 (14.0-23.9) |
18.2 (13.5-23.6) |
0.98 | 21.2 (15.2-28.6) |
21.1 (14.2-28.8) |
0.59 | 18.6 (14.5-25.0) |
19.2 (13.9-24.4) |
0.79 | 15.5 (12.2-21.5) |
16.4 (12.6-24.1) |
0.52 | 19.4 (12.7-27.2) |
20.8 (13.3-24.0) |
0.99 |
| PTH level, mean (SD), pg/ml | 19.7 ± 8.9 | 20.1 ± 11.6 | 0.57 | 23.9 ± 14.1 | 23.3 ± 13.0 | 0.53 | 20.8 ± 9.5 | 20.4 ± 8.4 | 0.61 | 18.2 ± 9.2 | 18.9 ± 9.6 | 0.72 | 21.7 ± 12.5 | 23.1 ± 21.8 | 0.71 |
| DBP, mg/dl | 26.0 ± 8.6 | 26.0± 6.2 | 0.92 | 25.7 ± 5.8 | 25.0 ± 8.1 | 0.20 | 25.8 ± 5.8 | 26.5 ± 9.5 | 0.44 | 25.4 ± 6.8 | 24.4 ± 5.5 | 0.23 | 26.1 ±5.2 | 26.2 ± 5.5 | 0.94 |
| 25(OH)D/DBP | 1.06 ± 0.9 | 1.00 ± 0.5 | 0.19 | 0.73 ± 0.4 | 0.74 ± 0.4 | 0.76 | 0.87 ± 0.4 | 0.84 ± 0.4 | 0.52 | 1.02 ± 0.56 | 1.10 ± 0.5 | 0.69 | 0.81± 0.4 | 0.77 ± 0.4 | 0.43 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; DBP, vitamin D binding protein.