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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Allergy. 2010 Nov;65(11):1381–1387. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02398.x

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Bradykinin increases vascular permeability directly by stimulating its B2 receptor and indirectly by stimulating the release of substance P from nerve terminals. Bradykinin degradation by carboxypeptidase N (CPN) produces an active metabolite, des-Arg9- BK, which stimulates the B1 receptor. Substance P induces vascular permeability by stimulating neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Bradykinin and substance P are degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). During ACE inhibition, bradykinin and substance P are degraded primarily by aminopeptidase P (APP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, respectively.