Table 2.
Least-squares means and standard errors for all primary outcome measures over time for 185 participants
| Control | Experimental | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline n=91 |
Post n=87 |
3-month n=73 |
6-month n=74 |
Baseline n=89 |
Post n=68 |
3-month n=51 |
6-month n=46 |
|
| Chronic Pain Coping Inventory | ||||||||
| Assistance | 1.43(0.17) | 1.42(0.18) | 1.62(0.18) | 1.58(0.20) | 1.57(0.17) | 1.81(0.19) | 1.74(0.21) | 1.66(0.23) |
| Coping | 2.19(0.22) | 2.09(0.21) | 2.09(0.22) | 1.99(0.24) | 2.38(0.22) | 2.91(0.23) | 2.92(0.25) | 2.82(0.28) |
| Exercise | 1.66(0.17) | 1.61(0.19) | 2.01(0.21) | 2.00(0.22) | 1.55(0.17)a | 2.44(0.21)a | 2.48(0.24) | 2.16(0.26) |
| Persistence | 2.46(0.17) | 2.33(0.18) | 2.28(0.21) | 2.08(0.19) | 2.07(0.18)ab | 2.66(0.20)a | 2.80(0.24)b | 2.25(0.23) |
| Resting | 2.36(0.18) | 2.11(0.17) | 2.17(0.18) | 2.18(0.21) | 2.76(0.18) | 2.96(0.19) | 3.13(0.21) | 2.55(0.24) |
| Relaxation | 1.36(0.15) | 1.47(0.17) | 1.60(0.19) | 1.47(0.20) | 1.46(0.15)abc | 2.30(0.18)a | 2.45(0.21)b | 2.18(0.22)c |
| Social | 1.67(0.18) | 1.25(0.18) | 1.56(0.20) | 1.46(0.20) | 1.70(0.18)a | 2.29(0.20)a | 2.24(0.22) | 2.11(0.23) |
| Guarding | 1.14(0.14) | 1.05(0.14) | 1.19(0.15) | 1.38(0.17) | 1.33(0.14) | 1.28(0.15) | 1.41(0.17) | 1.16(0.20) |
| Depression/Anxiety/Stress Scale | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 19.52(0.83) | 19.85(0.76) | 19.57(0.79) | 19.39(0.85) | 20.42(0.83) | 18.89(0.80) | 18.54(0.86) | 18.66(0.99) |
| Depression | 21.38(0.97) | 21.44(0.90) | 21.40(0.84) | 22.03(1.02) | 22.77(0.98)ab | 20.39(0.97) | 18.63(0.94)a | 19.67(1.21)b |
| Stress | 26.68(1.07) | 26.66(0.96) | 26.69(0.96) | 25.21(1.08) | 26.95(1.08)ab | 24.10(1.02)a | 23.09(1.06)b | 22.79(1.28) |
| Headache Self-Efficacy Scale | ||||||||
| Total Score | 108.80(2.08) | 112.20(2.12) | 114.74(2.60) | 116.19(2.50) | 103.21(2.10)abc | 120.16(2.27)a | 122.12(2.86)b | 121.45(2.85)c |
| Headache-Specific Locus of Control | ||||||||
| Chance | 35.26(0.98) | 36.61(1.01) | 36.63(1.05) | 36.18(1.03) | 33.74(0.99)a | 36.41(1.07) | 37.08(1.17) | 38.97(1.17)a |
| Health Care | 34.55(0.81) | 33.25(0.79) | 34.29(0.85) | 33.26(0.88) | 33.93(0.82) | 32.09(0.84) | 32.72(0.93) | 31.40(1.01) |
| Professional Internal | 35.29(0.99) | 36.08(0.91) | 36.92(1.02) | 36.85(1.00) | 35.27(0.99) | 38.20(0.96) | 37.72(1.12) | 36.89(1.11) |
| MIDAS | ||||||||
| Total Score | 51.60(4.74) | 46.04(4.80) | 42.54(5.25) | 39.45(4.94) | 48.66(4.78) | 42.48(5.08) | 42.17(5.79) | 36.05(5.75) |
| Medication Safety Knowledge1 | ||||||||
| Total Correct | 6.13(0.19) | 6.30(0.19) | -- | 6.49(0.18) | 6.27(0.17) | 6.10(0.20) | -- | 5.88(0.22) |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | ||||||||
| Helplessness | 13.14(0.68) | 12.67(0.62) | 11.66(0.66) | 11.56(0.60) | 15.01(0.68)abc | 11.99(0.66)a | 11.10(0.74)b | 10.31(0.70)c |
| Magnification | 6.02(0.30) | 5.81(0.29) | 5.34(0.28) | 5.27(0.29) | 6.50(0.31)a | 5.44(0.31) | 4.63(0.32)a | 4.72(0.34) |
| Rumination | 11.09(0.49) | 10.25(0.47) | 9.44(0.49) | 9.83(0.51) | 11.93(0.50)ab | 9.71(0.51) | 8.34(0.57)a | 7.61(0.60)b |
| Total | 30.25(1.35) | 28.70(1.26) | 26.41(1.34) | 26.66(1.29) | 33.44(1.36)abc | 27.13(1.34)a | 24.12(1.50)b | 22.62(1.50)c |
| Patient Global Assessment of Change | ||||||||
| Improvement | -- | 3.56(0.09) | 3.48(0.11) | 3.34(0.12) | -- | 3.03(0.10) | 2.60(0.13) | 2.49(0.15) |
1
Analysis limited to participants currently taking opioid medications (control n=57; experimental n=68; total n=125).
Shared subscripts on one line indicate significantly different post-hoc contrasts (Bonferroni-adjusted alpha=.0167)