Table 2.
Maternal factors and estimated periconceptional daily intake of folic acid, if fortification mandated as proposed1
| Folic acid intake from bread before conception2 | Folic acid intake from bread in the first trimester2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristic | n | μg/d | P-value | < 140 μg/d | n | μg/d | P-value | < 140 μg/d |
| Mean (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||||
| All respondents | 677 | 118.5 (107.1-129.8) | < 0.001 | 69.3 (62.9-75.7) | 676 | 128.1 (112.2-144.0) | < 0.001 | 65.1 (59.7-70.5) |
| Age at delivery | 0.001L | 0.001L | ||||||
| < 25 | 103 | 144.5 (130.7-158.3) | 58.1 (50.3-66.0) | 103 | 155.0 (126.2-183.8) | 57.4 (48.3-66.5) | ||
| 25-34 | 390 | 116.1 (101.7-130.5) | 70.9 (62.6-79.2) | 390 | 127.7 (105.6-149.7) | 65.3 (58.0-72.6) | ||
| > 35 | 181 | 108.9 (95.4-122.4) | 72.2 (63.8-80.5) | 180 | 114.2 (97.4-131.0) | 69.0 (60.5-77.4) | ||
| Parity | 0.006L | 0.022L | ||||||
| Primiparous | 305 | 108.9 (93.1-124.7) | 72.3 (65.3-80.6) | 305 | 119.0 (98.9-139.0) | 68.0 (59.4-76.7) | ||
| 2 children | 197 | 109.0 (95.8-122.2) | 75.8 (69.7-82.0) | 195 | 125.0 (97.4-152.6) | 70.1 (65.3-74.9) | ||
| 3 children | 116 | 131.9 (115.9-147.9) | 62.2 (54.1-70.2) | 117 | 131.2 (113.6-148.8) | 60.5 (53.8-67.2) | ||
| ≥ 4 children | 57 | 162.9 (128.3-197.6) | 49.0 (30.3-67.7) | 57 | 168.2 (135.6-200.9) | 49.7 (32.5-67.0) | ||
| Prioritised ethnicity | 0.015 | 0.111 | ||||||
| Māori | 93 | 173.1 (144.8-201.5) | 47.1 (35.6-58.7) | 91 | 191.2 (139.4-243.0) | 49.0 (39.0-59.1) | ||
| Pacific | 35 | 142.7 (102.5-182.8) | 57.7 (44.5-70.8) | 35 | 144.5 (86.1-202.9) | 55.5 (40.3-70.7) | ||
| Asian | 56 | 88.5 (59.0-118.0) | 81.8 (72.1-91.5) | 56 | 95.4 (56.6-134.2) | 78.7 (66.8-90.6) | ||
| NZ European | 428 | 103.4 (96.8-109.9) | 76.0 (70.9-81.1) | 429 | 113.3 (103.5-123.1) | 69.0 (64.4-73.6) | ||
| Other | 57 | 97.4 (87.2-107.6) | 80.3 (75.4-85.3) | 57 | 100.9 (88.4-113.5) | 78.6 (73.3-84.0) | ||
| Highest education qualification | 0.002L | 0.002L | ||||||
| Less than high school | 92 | 169.0 (131.6-206.3) | 48.3 (34.2-62.5) | 92 | 196.5 (137.6-255.5) | 46.7 (34.8-58.6) | ||
| High school | 132 | 126.7 (106.2-147.3) | 64.0 (51.1-76.8) | 132 | 129.8 (107.6-152.0) | 60.5 (47.6-73.3) | ||
| Vocational training | 56 | 121.1 (93.9-148.2) | 69.0 (53.6-84.5) | 57 | 144.7 (115.9-173.4) | 59.1 (42.6-75.6) | ||
| Tertiary qualification | 318 | 107.7 (97.0-118.4) | 74.7 (70.0-79.4) | 317 | 113.6 (103.0-124.2) | 69.6 (64.0-75.1) | ||
| Postgraduate qualification | 70 | 83.3 (57.3-109.4) | 84.6 (72.7-96.4) | 70 | 87.0 (56.1-118.0) | 82.3 (69.3-95.4) | ||
| Annual household income, NZ$ | 0.007L | 0.011L | ||||||
| < 40,000 | 157 | 139.2 (105.3-173.1) | 60.4 (48.4-72.4) | 158 | 162.3 (112.8-211.9) | 56.7 (46.0-67.3) | ||
| 41,000-60,000 | 112 | 122.9 (114.3-131.6) | 68.8 (62.7-74.8) | 111 | 125.8 (115.3-136.3) | 66.2 (60.3-72.1) | ||
| 61,000-80,000 | 103 | 118.7 (99.5-137.9) | 67.3 (53.5-81.2) | 104 | 126.3 (107.3-145.2) | 61.4 (48.3-74.4) | ||
| 81,000-100,000 | 107 | 102.9 (86.2-119.6) | 73.1 (62.5-83.7) | 107 | 105.0 (93.9-116.2) | 70.1 (63.3-77.0) | ||
| > 100,000 | 169 | 98.5 (85.3-111.6) | 80.2 (73.7-86.6) | 168 | 108.7 (87.4-130.0) | 72.7 (61.0-84.5) | ||
| Relationship status | 0.015 | 0.019 | ||||||
| Not living with a partner | 64 | 174.4 (126.3-222.5) | 49.9 (29.3-70.6) | 64 | 185.9 (132.7-239.1) | 49.4 (33.3-65.5) | ||
| Married/cohabitating | 611 | 112.4 (103.7-121.0) | 71.4 (66.2-76.6) | 610 | 121.8 (108.2-135.4) | 66.7 (62.2-71.3) | ||
| Pregnancy intention | 0.001 | 0.026 | ||||||
| Unplanned | 289 | 139.5 (122.9-156.1) | 60.6 (51.7-69.5) | 290 | 145.4 (124.4-166.4) | 56.9 (50.3-63.6) | ||
| Planned | 383 | 101.3 (88.7-113.9) | 76.5 (71.4-81.6) | 381 | 113.3 (92.7-133.8) | 72.3 (66.5-78.2) | ||
1135 μg folic acid/100 g bread
2Weighted by age and ethnicity and adjusted for clustering by site. NZ, New Zealand. LP-value for linear trend