Table 2.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and hazard ratios for incidence of stroke in black, Hispanic, and white/other participants in the Health and Retirement Study

	Blacks		Hispanics		Whites/others
	Prevalence	HR (95% CI)	Prevalence	HR (95% CI)	Prevalence	HR (95% CI)
Couldn’t get going	0.24	1.49 (1.18–1.88)	0.22	1.44 (0.96–2.14)	0.18	1.35 (1.19–1.52)
Everything an effort	0.41	1.11 (0.89–1.38)	0.34	1.41 (0.98–2.03)	0.18	1.48 (1.31–1.66)
Was happy (reversed)	0.15	1.21 (0.90–1.62)	0.19	1.09 (0.69–1.69)	0.10	1.30 (1.11–1.52)
Enjoyed life (reversed)	0.05	1.34 (0.87–2.08)	0.18	1.08 (0.69–1.69)	0.06	1.36 (1.11–1.68)
Sleep restless	0.29	1.41 (1.12–1.76)	0.36	1.07 (0.74–1.55)	0.29	1.30 (1.17–1.44)
Felt lonely	0.22	1.29 (1.01–1.68)	0.26	1.14 (0.77–1.69)	0.13	1.41 (1.24–1.61)
Felt sad	0.20	1.30 (1.01–1.68)	0.29	1.07 (0.73–1.57)	0.15	1.35 (1.19–1.54)
Depressed	0.23	1.41 (1.12–1.78)	0.28	1.27 (0.87–1.86)	0.12	1.44 (1.26–1.64)

Estimates based on Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age at baseline (linear and quadratic), southern birth, mother’s and father’s education >8 years, and missing indicators for parental education

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence intervals