Table 2.

Summary of explanatory variables used as indicators in the regression analysis.

Property	Covariate	Description	Table from UK census 2001
Deprivation	(i) Townsend index score	Includes: (i) unemployment,	KS009a Economic activity: all persons (from the key statistics)
		(ii) households not owned,	KS018 Tenure (from the key statistics)
		(iii) car ownership (all households with no cars or vans) and	KS017 Cars or vans: all households (from the key statistics)
		(iv) over-crowded housing (over one person per bedroom)	UV 058 Person per room (from the census area statistics univariate tables)
Family structure	(ii) Female marital status: proportion of single females	Defined as single (never married) + divorced + widowed	ST002 Age by sex and marital status
	(iii) Female marital status: proportion of married females	Defined as married + remarried + separated (but still legally married)
	(iv) Households with lone parents: all	All lone parents (both male and female)	KS022 Lone parents households with dependent children
	(v) Households with lone parents: females only	Female lone parents only
Social grade (proportion)	(vi) Proportion of social grade IV + V	Includes:	UV050 Approximated social grade IV and V (low socio-grade)
		(i) Grade IV: semi- skilled and unskilled manual workers
		(ii) Grade V: on state benefit, unemployed, lowest grade workers