Table 3. Relative risk (OR (95% CI)) of pancreatic cancer by quartiles of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and its ratio for subgroups in EPIC.
| No |
Quartilesa
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca/Co | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P-trendb | P-interaction | |
| IGF-1 men (ng ml−1) | 195/195 | 33–138 | 139–176 | 177–226 | 227–437 | — | — |
| IGF-1 women (ng ml−1) | 225/227 | 40–128 | 129–168 | 169–220 | 221–433 | — | — |
| Non-smoker | 154/189 | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.57–2.07) | 1.63 (0.85–3.13) | 1.72 (0.91–3.28) | 0.068 | 0.445 |
| Smokers | 261/228 | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.42–1.26) | 0.98 (0.57–1.68) | 0.94 (0.54–1.64) | 0.878 | — |
| Non-diabetics | 349/374 | 1.0 | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | 1.23 (0.80–1.91) | 1.20 (0.77–1.88) | 0.244 | 0.545 |
| Diabetics | 54/32 | 1.0 | 1.54 (0.40–5.99) | 0.69 (0.14–3.32) | 0.81 (0.18–3.75) | 0.629 | — |
| Years 1 and 2 of follow-up | 71/71 | 1.0 | 0.59 (0.17–2.04) | 1.09 (0.29–4.09) | 1.43 (0.36–5.69) | 0.417 | 0.946 |
| 3+ years of follow-up | 349/351 | 1.0 | 0.93 (0.58–1.48) | 1.26 (0.77–2.08) | 1.22 (0.71–2.11) | 0.391 | — |
| Male | 195/195 | 1.0 | 0.71 (0.37–1.35) | 1.18 (0.59–2.37) | 1.09 (0.53–2.23) | 0.553 | 0.746 |
| Female | 225/227 | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.60–1.98) | 1.28 (0.68–2.42) | 1.08 (0.52–2.25) | 0.827 | — |
| Low C-peptide | 214/221 | 1.0 | 0.64 (0.37–1.12) | 0.85 (0.48–1.51) | 1.08 (0.59–1.95) | 0.513 | 0.398 |
| High C-peptide | 206/201 | 1.0 | 1.15 (0.61–2.14) | 1.57 (0.87–2.84) | 1.27 (0.71–2.29) | 0.396 | — |
| Low waist circumference | 205/221 | 1.0 | 0.83 (0.46–1.52) | 1.80 (1.01–3.23) | 1.23 (0.68–2.23) | 0.246 | 0.040 |
| High waist circumference | 215/201 | 1.0 | 0.79 (0.44–1.41) | 0.70 (0.38–1.27) | 1.03 (0.56–1.86) | 0.812 | — |
| Microscopically confirmed | 305/307 | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.57–1.58) | 1.45 (0.83–2.52) | 1.10 (0.61–2.00) | 0.632 | — |
| IGFBP-3 men (ng ml−1) | 195/195 | 1625–3800 | 3825–4548 | 4550–5057 | 5092–9367 | — | — |
| IGFBP-3 women (ng ml−1) | 227/226 | 1698–4085 | 4087–4740 | 4745–5321 | 5342–11 128 | — | — |
| Non-smoker | 155/189 | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.53–1.89) | 0.77 (0.40–1.47) | 0.94 (0.50–1.79) | 0.701 | 0.974 |
| Smokers | 262/227 | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.55–1.59) | 0.73 (0.42–1.26) | 1.05 (0.62–1.77) | 0.987 | — |
| Non-diabetics | 351/373 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.67–1.55) | 0.69 (0.44–1.08) | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) | 0.622 | 0.694 |
| Diabetics | 54/32 | 1.0 | 0.61 (0.13–2.82) | 1.13 (0.25–5.16) | 1.12 (0.27–4.61) | 0.797 | — |
| Years 1 and 2 of follow-up | 71/70 | 1.0 | 1.68 (0.59–4.78) | 1.36 (0.44–4.23) | 1.44 (0.46–4.47) | 0.612 | 0.724 |
| 3+ years of follow-up | 351/351 | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 0.69 (0.43–1.13) | 1.12 (0.68–1.85) | 0.855 | — |
| Male | 195/195 | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.41–1.46) | 0.54 (0.28–1.04) | 0.96 (0.50–1.84) | 0.774 | 0.362 |
| Female | 227/226 | 1.0 | 1.37 (0.74–2.56) | 1.03 (0.56–1.90) | 1.17 (0.61–2.25) | 0.915 | — |
| Low C-peptide | 215/221 | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | 0.66 (0.37–1.16) | 0.64 (0.36–1.14) | 0.088 | 0.198 |
| High C-peptide | 207/200 | 1.0 | 1.21 (0.66–2.23) | 0.78 (0.42–1.45) | 1.47 (0.82–2.65) | 0.277 | — |
| Low waist circumference | 206/221 | 1.0 | 0.74 (0.43–1.30) | 0.57 (0.32–1.02) | 0.92 (0.51–1.63) | 0.632 | 0.654 |
| High waist circumference | 216/200 | 1.0 | 1.26 (0.69–2.27) | 0.91 (0.49–1.68) | 1.05 (0.59–1.87) | 0.825 | — |
| Microscopically confirmed | 307/306 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.57–1.66) | 0.65 (0.38–1.12) | 0.94 (0.55–1.62) | 0.624 | — |
| IGF-I/IGFBP-3 men | 195/195 | 0.05–0.15 | 0.16–0.18 | 0.19–0.22 | 0.22–0.43 | — | — |
| IGF-I/IGFBP-3 women | 225/226 | 0.05–0.12 | 0.13–0.16 | 0.17–0.21 | 0.22–0.44 | ||
| Non-smoker | 154/189 | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.56–2.11) | 1.54 (0.81–2.92) | 1.83 (0.94–3.57) | 0.052 | 0.683 |
| Smokers | 261/227 | 1.0 | 0.81 (0.47–1.39) | 1.03 (0.60–1.75) | 1.16 (0.67–1.99) | 0.442 | — |
| Non-diabetics | 349/373 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.65–1.59) | 1.27 (0.82–1.97) | 1.39 (0.89–2.17) | 0.097 | 0.543 |
| Diabetics | 54/32 | 1.0 | 0.28 (0.06–1.29) | 1.00 (0.25–4.08) | 0.91 (0.18–4.59) | 0.923 | — |
| Years 1 and 2 of follow-up | 71/70 | 1.0 | 1.23 (0.26–5.75) | 2.05 (0.38–11.08) | 0.85 (0.18–4.03) | 0.761 | 0.513 |
| 3+ years of follow-up | 349/351 | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.62–1.63) | 1.20 (0.75–1.94) | 1.45 (0.83–2.54) | 0.163 | — |
| Male | 195/195 | 1.0 | 0.49 (0.24–0.98) | 1.07 (0.55–2.08) | 1.28 (0.62–2.64) | 0.161 | 0.050 |
| Female | 225/226 | 1.0 | 1.45 (0.76–2.77) | 1.31 (0.67–2.55) | 1.18 (0.52–2.65) | 0.856 | — |
| Low C-peptide | 214/221 | 1.0 | 0.64 (0.36–1.16) | 0.91 (0.50–1.64) | 1.20 (0.67–2.17) | 0.254 | 0.423 |
| High C-peptide | 206/200 | 1.0 | 1.42 (0.78–2.60) | 1.33 (0.77–2.32) | 1.35 (0.75–2.45) | 0.370 | — |
| Low waist circumference | 205/221 | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.46–1.56) | 1.73 (0.94–3.17) | 1.33 (0.73–2.39) | 0.162 | 0.028 |
| High waist circumference | 215/200 | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.56–1.81) | 0.75 (0.43–1.30) | 1.35 (0.74–2.48) | 0.491 | — |
| Microscopically confirmed | 305/306 | 1.0 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) | 1.52 (0.88–2.61) | 1.49 (0.81–2.72) | 0.195 | — |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; EPIC=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; IGF=insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP=IGF-binding protein; OR=odds ratio.
a
Logistic regression conditioned on matching factors (EPIC recruitment centre, sex, age at recruitment, date at entry in the cohort, time between blood sampling and last consumption of foods and drinks) and adjusted for smoking (never, former, quitting smoking less than 10 years ago, more than 10 years ago, current, with 1–9, 10–19, or ⩾20 cigarettes per day, missing), BMI (continuous) and diabetes (defined by self-report or HbA1c concentrations ⩾6.5%).
b
P-trend test was based on median values of each quartile.