Figure 3.

Sex differences in EOD waveform for two species within the basal clade A genus Mormyrops. Multiple waveforms from different individuals of the same species are superimposed, amplitude-normalized, plotted head-positive up, and aligned to the head-positive peak (M. nigricans: n = 13 juveniles/females, n = 8 males; M. zanclirostris: n = 24 juveniles/females, n = 10 males). All recordings were made in Gabon. In both species, adult males (shown in gray) generally have longer EODs than adult females and juveniles (shown in black). This is reflected in significantly lower peak power frequencies and smaller bandwidths in males of both species (bar plots show the mean ± s.e.m.; *p < 0.01 based on two-sample t-tests).