Table 1.

Kinematic variables for perched and aerial shakes of Anna's hummingbirds. Data shown indicate the mean value ± 1 s.e. (n = 3).

variable	perched	aerial	t-value	p
shake duration (s)	0.2 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.01	7.36	0.02
frequency (Hz)
body	30.25 ± 1.54	18.85 ± 0.99	5.08	0.04
wings	30.04 ± 0.78	24.84 ± 1.17	2.67	0.12
angular displacement (°)
head	204.89 ± 10.15	202.24 ± 14.25	0.64	0.59
body	40.77 ± 3.88	46.14 ± 8.40	0.68	0.57
tail	95.74 ± 22.48	101.04 ± 9.56	0.22	0.85
wings	96.57 ± 9.89	107.96 ± 3.82	0.9	0.46
angular speed (rad s–1)
head	216.3 ± 14.9	132.22 ± 4.84	5.42	0.03
body	43.42 ± 6.31	30.88 ± 7.20	1.33	0.31
tail	103.46 ± 29.86	66.02 ± 4.42	1.15	0.37
wings	101.51 ± 12.12	93.69 ± 5.99	0.44	0.7
speed (m s–1)
head	0.98 ± 0.08	0.67 ± 0.10	3	0.1
body	0.44 ± 0.11	0.44 ± 0.06	0.01	1
tail	1.19 ± 0.11	0.93 ± 0.15	1.24	0.34
wings	5.33 ± 0.40	5.62 ± 0.42	0.39	0.73
acceleration (g)
head	34.40 ± 3.86	14.12 ± 3.18	5.39	0.03
body	10.56 ± 2.67	6.39 ± 1.03	1.17	0.36
tail	26.03 ± 4.08	14.56 ± 3.82	1.8	0.21
wings	147.30 ± 11.50	194.12 ± 37.20	0.98	0.43