Table 1.
Concentrations of DINP and DIDP metabolites measured in biological monitoring studies around the world. Legends: M: median; IQR: interquartile range; ND: nondetects; R: range; P95: 95th percentile; MINP: monoisononyl phthalate; MHINP: monohydroxy isononyl phthalate; MOINP: monooxoisononyl phthalate; MCIOP: monocarboxy isooctyl phthalate; MIDP: monoisodecyl phthalate; MHIDP: monohydroxy isodecyl phthalate; MOIDP: monooxoisodecyl phthalate; MCINP: monocarboxy isononyl phthalate.
| Sampling year | Country | Population | Type of sample | N | DINP (ng/mL) | DIDP (ng/mL) | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MINP | MHiNP | MOiNP | MCiOP | MIDP | MHiDP | MOiDP | MCiNP | ||||||
| 2004/2008 | Spain | Pregnant women (3rd trimester) | Spot urine | 120 | ** | ** | ** | M = 4.0 IQR = 3.5 ND < 3% |
** | ** | ** | M = 2.8 IQR = 2.2 ND < 3% |
[38] |
| Children (4 year old boys) | Spot urine | 30 | ** | ** | ** | M = 7.5 IQR = 6.4 ND = 0% |
** | M = 4.0 IQR = 4.1 ND = 0% |
|||||
|
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| 2005/2006 | Japan | Pregnant women (1st trimester) | Spot urine | 50 | <0.035 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | [35] |
|
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| 2001/2002 and 2006/2007 | Taiwan | Pregnant women (3rd trimester) | Spot urine | 100 | ** | M ≤ 0.25 R = 0.25− 364 |
M ≤ 0.25 R = 0.25− 288 |
M≤0.25 R = 0.25− 281 |
** | ** | ** | ** | [33] |
| Children (2-3 years) | Spot urine | 30 | ** | M = 6.15 R = 0.25− 398.84 |
M = 3.84 R = 0.25− 287.46 |
M = 9.36 R = 0.25− 932.74 |
** | ** | ** | ** | |||
| Children (5-6 years) | Spot urine | 59 | ** | M = 7.94 R = 0.6− 1188 |
M = 4.3 R = 0.25− 352.62 |
M = 9.42 R = 1.22 − 915.6 |
** | ** | ** | ** | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2007 | Germany | Children (5-6 years) | Spot urine | 111 | ** | M = 7 R≤0.25− 83.3 ND = 4% |
M = 4.2 R≤0.25− 51.6 ND = 22% |
M = 13.1 R≤0.25 −168 ND = 1% |
** | M = 0.4 R≤0.2−9.8 ND=40% |
M≤0.25 R≤0.25− 3.4 ND = 70% |
M = 1.3 R ≤0.25 −16.0 ND = 6% |
[12] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2003/2006 | Germany | Children (3–14 years) | Morning urine | 599 | ** | M = 11.0 R≥0.25− 198 ND = 0% |
M = 5.4 R≥0.25− 86.7 ND = 2% |
M = 12.7 R ≥0.25− 195 ND = 0% |
** | ** | ** | ** | [13] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2006/2008 | Denmark | Children (6–21 years) | 24 hour urine | 129 |
Sum of all metabolites: M = 31 R = 3− 281 ND = 0% |
** | ** | ** | ** | [34] | |||
|
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| 1988/2003 | Germany | Students (21–29 years; 326 females and 308 males) | 24 hour urine | 634 | ** | M = 11.9 R ≤ 0.25− 85.4 ND = 1% |
M = 1.0 R ≤ 0.25− 63.8 ND = 8% |
** | ** | ** | ** | ** | [11] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2005 | USA | Adults | Spot urine | 129 | <0.36 | M = 13.2 R = 1.4 −202.7 ND = 0% |
M = 1.2 R≤ 0.25− 201.7 ND = 13% |
M = 8.4 R≤ 0.25− 310.8 ND = 3% |
** | ** | ** | ** | [27] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2007 | Germany | Adults | Morning urine | 45 | ** | M = 4.7 P95 = 16.8 |
M = 1.7 P95 = 6.7 |
M = 5.3 P95 = 15.5 |
** | M = 1.0 P95 = 4.0 |
M = 0.2 P95 = 1.1 |
M = 0.7 P95 = 2.6 |
[39] |
|
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| 1988/1994 | USA | Adults (20–60 years) | Spot urine | 289 | M ≤ 0.8 R ≤ 0.8 −79.7 ND ≥75% |
** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | [10] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2005 | Germany | Males (14–60) | Morning urine (men) | 23 | ** | M = 5.5 R = 2.2−49.4 ND = 1% |
M = 3.0 R=0.5−8.2 ND = 2% |
[40] | |||||
| Females (14–60) | Morning urine (women) | 27 | ** | M = 5.7 R = 0.7−12.1 ND = 1% |
M = 3.1 R = 3.8−23.6 ND = 2% |
** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||
|
| |||||||||||||
| Unknown | Germany | general population (6–80 years) | Spot urine | 102 | ** | M = 2.0 | M = 1.3 | M = 4.0 | ** | ** | ** | ** | Koch et al. unpublished data |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2005/2006 | USA | general population (≥6 years) | Spot urine | 2548 | <0.8 | ** | ** | M = 5.10 R = 0.7− 4961 ND = 5% |
** | ** | ** | M = 2.7 R ≥0.6− 672.6 ND = 10% |
[9] |
|
| |||||||||||||
| 2007–2009 | Canada | general population (6–59 years) | Spot urine | <0.4 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Saravanabhavan, unpublished data | |