Table 1.
A summary table of the characteristics of structural neuroimaging studies of childhood maltreatment, reporting study type, sample size (N), gender proportion of the maltreated group (female/male), whether the study is on an adult or pediatric population (A/P), maltreatment type(s) included in the maltreated group, percentage of the maltreated group with PTSD and other co-morbidities, whether the maltreated group were taking any psychoactive medication, whether the study was ROI or whole brain (WB) and whether any correlations were reported between the results and maltreatment onset or duration (M), PTSD symptoms (P) or functional impairment (F).
| Article | Type | N (M/C) | Gender (f/m) | Adult/pediatric | Maltreatment type | % PTSD | Other co-morbidities | Medication | ROI/WBA | Correlations (M/P/F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen et al., 2008 | sMRI | 26/17 | 26/0 | A | SA | 33 | Lifetime and current: MDD (58%), DD/OCD (8% each), ADHD/BD/SAD/BN (4% each) | N/R | ROI | Yes—M |
| Bremner et al., 1997 | sMRI | 17/17 | 5/12 | A | PA, SA | 100 | MDD (29% current, 86% lifetime), BD (14%), social phobia (21%) | N/R | ROI | / |
| Bremner et al., 2003 | sMRI and PET | 22/11 | 22/0 | A | SA | 45 | Inc MDD (20% current, 80% lifetime), alcohol/substance abuse/dependence (40%). | No—stopped 4 weeks prior | ROI | Yes—P |
| Carrion et al., 2001 | sMRI | 24/24 | 10/14 | P | WDV, PA, SA, N, EA | 50 (& 50 subthreshold) | 65.2% MDD, DD (NOS), social phobia, ADHD, SAD, GAD, simple phobia | No | ROI | / |
| Carrion et al., 2007 | sMRI | 15/0 | 9/6 | P | WDV, PA, SA, N, EA | 100 | N/R | No | ROI | Yes—P |
| Carrion et al., 2009 | sMRI and VBM | 24/24 | 10/14 | P | WDV, PA, SA, N, EA | 50 (& 50 subthreshold) | 65.2% MDD, DD (NOS), social phobia, ADHD, SAD, GAD, simple phobia | No | Both | / |
| Cohen et al., 2006 | sMRI | 265 Healthy-ACEs | Approx 50:50 | A | EA, N, WDV, PA, SA | 0 | 0 | No | ROI | Yes—M |
| De Bellis et al., 1999 | sMRI | 44/61 | 19/25 | P | SA, PA, WDV, N | 100 | 86% MDD, dysthymia, ODD, ADHD | No—stopped 2 weeks prior | ROI | Yes—M |
| De Bellis et al., 2001 | sMRI | 9/9 | 4/5 | P | SA | 100 | 88.9% MDD, ODD, ADHD, SAD | No | ROI | / |
| De Bellis et al., 2002a | sMRI | 28/66 | 14/14 | P | SA, PA, WDV, N | 100 | 89% MDD, dysthymia, ODD, ADHD, suicidal ideation | No | ROI | Yes—M |
| De Bellis et al., 2002b | sMRI | 43/61 | 18/25 | P | PA, SA, EA, WDV | 100 | Not reported but AN, autism, schizophrenia excluded | No | ROI | / |
| De Bellis and Keshavan, 2003 | sMRI | 61/122 | 30/31 | P | SA, PA, WDV, EA | 100 | 86.8% dysthymia, MDD, ODD, ADHD, SAD | No | ROI | / |
| De Bellis and Kuchibhatla, 2006 | sMRI | 58/98 (& 13 GAD) | 28/30 | P | SA, WDV | 100 | Dysthymia (60%), MDD (52%), ODD (43%), ADHD (34%), SAD (5%) | No | ROI | Yes—M |
| Driessen et al., 2000 | sMRI | 21/21 | 21/0 | A | PA, EA, SA, N | 71 | 100% BPD (excluded schizophrenia, anorexia, MDD, SA) | 43% stopped 1 week prior | ROI | Yes—M |
| Jackowski et al., 2008 | sMRI and DTI | 17/15 | 10/7 | P | SA, PA, N, EA, WDV | 100 | MDD (41%), Other depressive diagnoses (30%), ODD (12%), ADHD (6%) | No | ROI | / |
| Kitayama et al., 2006 | sMRI | 8/13 | 7/1 | A | N/R | 100 | Lifetime MDD (62.5%), panic disorder (25%), lifetime alcohol abuse (12.5%) | No | ROI | / |
| Mehta et al., 2009 | sMRI | 14/11 | 8/6 | P | PI | N/R | N/R | N/R | ROI | Yes—M |
| Richert et al., 2006 | sMRI | 23/24 | 10/13 | P | PA, SA, WDV, N, EA | 52 (48 subthreshold) | MDD (13%), DD-NOS (4.4%), social phobia (13%), ADHD (13%), SAD (8.7%), simple phobia (8.7%) | No | ROI | Yes—F |
| Stein et al., 1997 | sMRI | 21/21 | 21/0 | A | SA | 71 | 71% dissociative disorder, MDD, social phobia, OCD | 14% | ROI | / |
| Teicher et al., 2004 | sMRI | 28/115 (& 23 PC) | 15/13 | P | SA, PA, N | 50 | Mood disorders and suicidal ideation or self-destructive behavior (M = 71%; PC = 52%), disruptive disorders (M = 14%; PC = 26%) | No | ROI | Yes—M |
| Tupler and De Bellis, 2006 | sMRI | 61/122 | 30/31 | P | SA, PA, WDV, EA | 100 | 86.8% dysthymia, MDD, ODD, ADHD, SAD | No | ROI | Yes—M,F |
| Vythilingam et al., 2002 | sMRI | 21/14 (& 11 MDD + M) | 21/0 | A | PA, SA | 66 | 100% MDD, panic disorder, phobias, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders, SA | No | ROI | / |
| Weniger et al., 2008 | sMRI | 23/25 | 23/0 | A | PA, SA, N | 43 | 100% BPD, 39% DA, 17% DID, 87% MDD, 28% alcohol abuse, 35% eating disorders | Approx 40% | ROI | / |
| Hanson et al., 2010 | TBM | 31/41 | N/R | P | PA | 0 | CD (6%), eating disorder (6%), MDD (3%) | No | WB | Yes—F |
| Tomoda et al., 2009 | VBM | 23/22 | 8/15 | A | HCP | 0 | 4% lifetime ADHD | No | WB | / |
| Treadway et al., 2009 | VBM | 19 MDD/19 C | 10/9 | A | EA, PA, SA, N | N/R | 100% MDD | No | WB | Yes—M |
| Tomoda et al., 2010 | VBM | 21/19 | 12/9 | A | PVA | N/R | 24% past anxiety; 48% past mood disorders | No | WB | Yes—M |
| Choi et al., 2009 | DTI | 16/16 | 12/4 | A | PVA | N/R | 44% depression, 19% anxiety, 6% ADHD and phobias. | No | ROI | Yes—M |
| Eluvathingal et al., 2006 | DTI | 7/7 | 5/2 | P | PI | N/R | N/R” | No | ROI | / |
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood events; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AN, anorexia nervosa; BD, bipolar disorder; BN, bulimia nervosa; BPD, borderline personality disorder; C, control group; CD, conduct disorder; DD, depersonalization disorder; DD (NOS), depressive disorder mot otherwise specified; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; EA, emotional abuse; EN, emotional neglect; GAD, general anxiety disorder; HCP, harsh corporal punishment; M, maltreated group; MDD, major depressive disorder; N, neglect; N/R, not reported; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; PA, physical abuse; PC, psychiatric control group; PET, positron emission tomography; PI, post-institutionalized; PVA, parental verbal abuse; SA, sexual abuse; SAD, separation anxiety disorder; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging; VBM, voxel-based morphometry; WDV, witnessing domestic violence.