Table 3.

Multiple effects models investigating eGFR changes after starting and stopping beta-lactam antibiotics

	Variable	Unadjusted analysis		Multivariable analysis
		Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p Value	Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p Value
After starting the drug
Piperacillin/tazobactam	Per day more on piperacillin/tazobactam	1.39 (1.17 to 1.60)	<0.0001	0.99 (0.71 to 1.27)	<0.0001
Meropenem	Per day more on meropenem	2.74 (2.39 to 3.09)	<0.0001	2.86 (2.45 to 3.28)	<0.0001
Cefuroxim	Per day more on cefuroxim	1.91 (1.67 to 2.16)	<0.0001	1.27 (0.90 to 1.64)	<0.0001
After stopping the drug
Piperacillin/tazobactam	Per day after stopping piperacillin/tazobactam	2.79 (2.35 to 3.24)	<0.0001	2.70 (2.26 to 3.14)	<0.0001
Meropenem	Per day after stopping meropenem	0.20 (−0.51 to 0.91)	0.59	0.17 (−0.52 to 0.86)	0.63
Cefuroxim	Per day after stopping cefuroxim	0.13 (−0.25 to 0.50)	0.51	0.01 (−0.35 to 0.37)	0.96

All multivariable analyses were adjusted for: treatment arm (‘low exposure’ vs ‘high exposure’), gender, age (≥65 vs <65 years), APACHE II score (≥20 vs <20), clinically judged infection (severe sepsis/septic shock vs milder or no infection), patient category (surgical vs medical) and eGFR level at administration of the antibiotic (1: <30 ml/min/1.73 m², 2: 31–60 ml/min/1.73 m², 3: >60 ml/min/1.73 m²).

eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.