Figure 6. Typical simulated patterns of Chinese tallow invasion with high intensity control (A–D) and associated expected total costs (E–H) accumulated to the 5^th, 10^th, 15^th, and 20^th year, respectively.

Simulations were initialized with the observed pattern of Chinese tallow invasion in the year 2003 based on the nonnative invasive plant dataset [53] (see Fig. 2A). Each time series of patterns is based on one randomly-chosen stochastic simulation.