Figure 4. Heat transfer between the thorax and the abdomen and abdominal pumping behaviour.

Differences between (A) T_thorax and T_abdomen during flight for Scarabaeus sacer (in blue) and S. cicatricosus (in red), and (B) frequency of abdominal pumping. (Scarabaeus cicatricosus, N = 27; and S. sacer, N = 24; U-Mann-Whitney, α<0.05); Boxes labelled with the different letters differ significantly from each other. Black dots indicate the median values.