Table 2.

 Characteristics of prospective studies of white rice intake in relation to incident type 2 diabetes: outcomes, relative risks, and covariates

Study	Study outcome and ascertainment	Comparison categories and corresponding relative risk (95% CI)	Covariates in fully adjusted model
Hodge et al 2004	Type 2 diabetes identified through self reports; 83% (303/365) cases confirmed by medical practitioners	<23 g/day*†: 1.0 (referent); 23-32 g/day: 0.77 (0.56 to 1.07); 33-55 g/day: 0.91 (0.67 to 1.22); ≥56 g/day: 0.93 (0.68 to 1.27)	Age, sex, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol, total energy intake, education, 5 year weight change, body mass index, and waist:hip ratio
Villegas et al 2007	Type 2 diabetes identified through self reports; American Diabetes Association 1997 diagnostic criteria	<500 g/day‡: 1.0 (referent); 500-622 g/day: 1.04 (0.86 to 1.25); 623-749 g/day: 1.29 (1.08 to 1.54); ≥750 g/day: 1.78 (1.48 to 2.15)	Age, body mass index, waist:hip ratio, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income level, education level, occupation, diagnosis of hypertension, and total energy
Sun et al 2010; Health Professionals Follow-up Study	Type 2 diabetes identified through self reports and confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaire; National Diabetes Data Group (before 1998) and American Diabetes Association 1997 (after 1998) diagnostic criteria	<5.3 g/day†: 1.0 (referent); 5.3-15.8 g/day: 1.09 (0.96 to 1.24); 15.9-45.0 g/day: 1.07 (0.93 to 1.23); 45.1-112.9 g/day: 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50); ≥112.9 g/day: 1.02 (0.77 to 1.34)	Age; ethnicity (white, African-American, Hispanic, and Asian); body mass index; smoking status; alcohol intake; multivitamin use; physical activity; family history of diabetes; total energy; intakes of red meat, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and coffee
Sun et al 2010; Nurses’ Health Study	Same as above	<5.3 g/day†: 1.0 (referent); 5.3-15.8 g/day: 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11); 15.9-45.0 g/day: 1.07 (0.96 to 1.20); 45.1-112.9 g/day: 1.09 (0.97 to 1.23); ≥112.9 g/day: 1.11 (0.87 to 1.43)	Same as above, plus further adjustments for postmenopausal status, hormone use, and oral contraceptive use
Sun et al 2010; Nurses’ Health Study II	Same as above	<5.3 g/day†: 1.0 (referent); 5.3-15.8 g/day: 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07); 15.9-45.0 g/day: 0.94 (0.81 to 1.10); 45.1-112.9 g/day: 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11); ≥112.9 g/day: 1.40 (1.09 to 1.80)	Same as above
Nanri et al 2010 (males)	Type 2 diabetes identified through self reports and confirmed by medical records; Japan Diabetes Society 1982 diagnostic criteria	0-315 g/day: 1.00 (referent); 315-420 g/day: 1.24 (1.00 to 1.55); 420-560 g/day: 1.25 (0.93 to 1.67); >560 g/day: 1.19 (0.85 to 1.68)	Age; study area; smoking status; alcohol consumption; family history of diabetes mellitus; total physical activity; history of hypertension; occupation; total energy intake; intakes of calcium, magnesium, fibre, fruit, vegetables, fish, coffee, bread, and noodles; and body mass index
Nanri et al 2010 (females)	Same as above	0-278 g/day: 1.00 (referent); 280-417 g/day: 1.15 (0.85 to 1.55); 420-420 g/day: 1.48 (1.08 to 2.02); ≥437 g/day: 1.65 (1.06 to 2.57)	Same as above

*Data provided by study investigators as requested.

†Serving size of 158 g for cooked rice assumed.

‡Raw rice intake levels converted to cooked rice intake levels by multiplication by factor of 2.5.⁷