Table 3.

Growth Models for Depressive Symptoms Over Time-To/From-Disability

	Depressive symptoms
Parameter	Estimate (SE)
Fixed effects
Intercept, γ00	51.54* (0.42)
Time-to/from disability, γ10	−0.43* (0.15)
Predisability, γ20	−1.39 (0.74)
Predisability × Time-To/From-disability, γ30	0.51* (0.24)
Random effects
Variance intercept, ${\text{σ}}_{u\text{0}}^{\text{2}}$	87.09* (6.82)
Variance Time-to/from-disability, ${\text{σ}}_{u\text{1}}^{\text{2}}$	1.16* (0.49)
Variance Predisability × Time-to/from-disability, ${\text{σ}}_{u\text{3}}^{\text{2}}$	4.03* (1.96)
Covariance, σu0u1	−2.96 (1.72)
Covariance, σu0u3	11.59* (2.76)
Covariance, σu1u3	−1.88 (1.05)
Residual, ${\text{σ}}_{e\text{1}}^{\text{2}}$	41.71* (4.46)
Residual, ${\text{σ}}_{e\text{2}}^{\text{2}}$	47.85* (4.41)
Residual, ${\text{σ}}_{e\text{3}}^{\text{2}}$	46.86* (5.34)
Residual, ${\text{σ}}_{e\text{4}}^{\text{2}}$	38.51* (7.04)
Residual, ${\text{σ}}_{e\text{5}}^{\text{2}}$	87.05* (18.26)
Pseudo R2	.129
−2LL	13,551
AIC	13,581

Notes: Unstandardized estimates and standard errors are presented. Intercept is centered at disability onset; slope or rate of change is scaled in T-units per year. N = 779 who provided 1,848 observations. Scores for depressive symptoms standardized to a T metric (M = 50, SD = 10) using the pooled sample of all oldest old participants at baseline assessment T1 as the reference (N = 1,440). AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; −2LL = −2 log likelihood, relative model fit statistics. The Pseudo R² was obtained from comparing the residual within-person variance from the conditional model, including the time-to/from-disability as the time variable with that obtained from an unconditional or intercept-only model (see Snijders & Bosker, 1999, pp. 99–105).

*p < .05.