Table 2.
Clusters, subclusters and representative statements
Clusters and subclusters | Representative statements |
---|---|
Psychosocial | |
Loss | |
Loss of expectations | Limitations on fulfillment of goals in life |
Loss of enjoyment | Loss of enjoyment in life |
Loss of self-confidence | Low self-esteem, especially from loss of roles |
Feel helpless when people stop you doing things | |
Negative affect | Irritation, anger and frustration |
Worry and negative beliefs about the future | Worry about the future |
Fear that severe back pain will occur again | |
Global malaise | |
Secondary health effects | Difficult to address other health issues |
May lead to weight gain | |
Effort of life/daily grind | Tiredness |
Makes you feel old | |
Loss of motivation in life | |
Executive challenge | Always having to think about what you can and cannot do |
Domestic psychosocial challenges | |
Loss of family and intimate involvement | Left out of family activities |
Difficulty caring for others | |
Loss of independence | Need to ask for help to do things |
Negative reactionsa | |
Challenged integrity/feeling believed | May be seen as a malingerer |
Wrongly considered lazy by others | |
Self-worth degraded by how you feel others see you | Always trying to hide pain from family so they do not worry |
Feel like a burden on workmates | |
Negative/discriminatory actions by others | Bullied by others |
May lose friends | |
Physical | |
Functioning outside the home | Makes it hard to travel |
Leisure activities are limited | |
Specific physical limitations | Daily living is hard including basic self-care |
Difficulty lifting things | |
Hard to sit | |
General physical impact | More and more physically unfit |
Fall easily | |
Treatment | |
Treatment services | |
Frustration of treatment (quality) | Waste time and money on dubious treatments and practitioners |
Unnecessary surgery and the problems this causes | |
Frustration with healthcare providers | Doctors not understanding there is anything wrong with you |
Back pain can make you distrust the medical profession | |
Condition burden | |
Impact on othersb | Need help from carers |
Medication | Dependent on more and more medication |
Side-effects | |
Financial costs/expenses | Costs of treatment and equipment (necessary and unnecessary) |
Employment | |
Challenges when out of work | Difficult to get back to paid employment |
Reduced employment options, now and for the future | |
Challenges when workingc | Many limitations on what tasks can be done |
Effects of employment challenges | Difficult to get health insurance |
Reduced income resulting in poverty |
aSee also Employment. bSee also Challenges when working, Psychosocial. cSee also Impact on others.