Table 3.
Proportional hazards models for coronary outcomes using various measures of cholesterol
| Time-constant models | Time-dependent models | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First available ("remote") TC | Average of first two TCs |
Most recent TC | Mean TC | Time-adjusted mean TC |
AUC TC | |||||||
| HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
p | |
| Cholesterol (TC) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) |
0.36 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) |
0.30 | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) |
0.01 | 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) |
0.04 | 1.22 (1.02, 1.47) |
0.03 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
0.29 |
| Male sex | 2.02 (1.12, 3.62) |
0.02 | 2.00 (1.11, 3.59) |
0.02 | 1.84 (1.02, 3.32) |
0.04 | 1.75 (0.97, 3.18) |
0.06 | 1.74 (0.96, 3.15) |
0.07 | 1.78 (0.98, 3.23) |
0.06 |
| Ageψ | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) |
< 0.0001 |
| SLEDAI-2K¶ | 1.03 (1.001, 1.06) |
0.04 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
0.06 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
< 0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
< 0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
< 0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
< 0.0001 |
| Hypertension¢ | 1.12 (0.61, 2.04) |
0.72 | 1.10 (0.60, 2.02) |
0.76 | 1.50 (0.93, 2.42) |
0.095 | 1.57 (0.97, 2.52) |
0.06 | 1.57 (0.98, 2.52) |
0.06 | 1.67 (1.05, 2.67) |
0.03 |
| Corticosteroidsβ | 4.17 (1.62, 10.73) |
0.003 | 4.16 (1.62, 10.72) |
0.003 | 1.85 (1.05, 3.23) |
0.03 | 1.89 (1.08, 3.30) |
0.03 | 1.89 (1.08, 3.30) |
0.03 | 1.92 (1.10, 3.35) |
0.02 |
| Antimalarials§ | 0.50 (0.31, 0.79) |
0.003 | 0.50 (0.31, 0.80) |
0.004 | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) |
0.66 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) |
0.59 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) |
0.60 | 0.80 (0.51, 1.27) |
0.35 |
| Immunosuppressives¥ | 0.79 (0.49, 1.26) |
0.32 | 0.78 (0.49, 1.25) |
0.30 | 1.32 (0.82, 2.14) |
0.25 | 1.29 (0.79, 2.08) |
0.31 | 1.29 (0.79, 2.09) |
0.31 | 1.34 (0.83, 2.17) |
0.23 |
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; AUC, area under the curve; BP, blood pressure (mm Hg); DBP, diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); HR, hazard ratio; NS: not significant; P, P value; SBP, systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); TC, total plasma cholesterol (mmol/L).
ψYears; age at the time of first available TC (or SBP or DBP) in time-constant models and coincident with each TC (or SBP or DBP) measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. ¶SLE Disease Activity Index 2000; scores range from 0 to 105, with higher scores indicating more-active disease; measured at the time of first available TC (or SBP or DBP) in time-constant models, and coincident with each TC (or SBP or DBP) measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. ¢Hypertension defined as diastolic BP ≥90 or systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg; defined as present ever during the study in time-constant models, and coincident with each TC measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. βCorticosteroids defined as used ever during the study in time-constant models, and coincident with each TC (or SBP or DBP) measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. ζElevated total plasma cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) defined as total plasma cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/L; measured at the time of first available SBP or DBP in time-constant models, and coincident with each SBP or DBP measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. §Antimalarials include chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; defined as used ever during the study in time-constant models, and coincident with each TC (or SBP or DBP) measurement in the time-dependent covariate models. ¥Immunosuppressives include methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide; defined as used ever during the study in time-constant models, and coincident with each TC (or SBP or DBP) measurement in the time-dependent covariate models.