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Asymetric requirements for epithelial β-catenin in upper and lower jaw formation. D–F: Newborn lower jaw defects of epithelial-specific β-catenin loss-of-function mutants (β-cat, LOF), and upper jaw defects of the gain-of-function mutants (β-cat, GOF, G-I). A–C: Wild-type controls. White arrow, cleft lips; black arrow, whiskers; asterisk, cleft palate; md, mandible; mx, maxillary; question mark, ectopic soft tissue.
