Table 2. Brain volumes for subjects with ADHD prenatally exposed to teratogenic substances and matched controls (both subjects with ADHD who were not exposed and control subjects who were not exposed).
|
Socioeconomic status matching |
Matching for birth weight |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD-ex | ADHD-unex | Control-unex | ME Pa |
Cohen's db |
ADHD-ex | ADHD-unex | Control-unex | ME Pa |
Cohen's db |
|||||
| M (s.d.) | M (s.d.) | M (s.d.) | 0v2 | 0v1 | 1v2 | M (s.d.) | M (s.d.) | M (s.d.) | 0v2 | 0v1 | 1v2 | |||
| 2a Cigarette exposure | ||||||||||||||
| Total brain | 1382.9 (106.5) | 1375.1 (115.9) | 1471.1 (118.5) | 0.064 | 0.783 | 0.070 | 0.819 | 1382.9 (106.5) | 1343.6 (96.0) | 1484.7 (138.2) | 0.004 | 0.126 | 0.388 | 0.175 |
| Cerebrum | 1206.6 (99.7) | 1197.5 (102.8) | 1279.6 (116.9) | 0.104 | 0.672 | 0.090 | 0.746 | 1206.6 (99.7) | 1166.9 (86.5) | 1288.0 (129.5) | 0.010 | 0.704 | 0.425 | 1.10 |
| Cerebral gray | 698.2 (56.5) | 690.8 (64.7) | 748.7 (73.8) | 0.135 | 0.768 | 0.122 | 0.834 | 698.2 (56.5) | 675.1 (58.2) | 757.7 (81.1) | 0.016 | 0.851 | 0.403 | 1.17 |
| Cerebral white | 478.3 (56.4) | 488.5 (54.3) | 490.3 (44.2) | 0.688 | 0.237 | 0.184 | 0.036 | 478.3 (56.4) | 473.7 (44.7) | 508.4 (60.0) | 0.296 | 0.517 | 0.090 | 0.656 |
| Cerebellum | 151.0 (13.6) | 153.5 (15.1) | 166.1 (14.8) | 0.013 | 1.06 | 0.174 | 0.843 | 151.0 (13.6) | 148.4 (9.7) | 167.4 (17.1) | <0.001 | 1.06 | 0.220 | 1.37 |
| Cerebellar gray | 102.9 (13) | 108.2 (11.2) | 116.3 (10.9) | 0.020 | 1.12 | 0.437 | 0.733 | 102.9 (13.0) | 105.2 (10.3) | 116.7 (12.5) | 0.009 | 1.08 | 0.196 | 1.01 |
| Cerebellar white | 45.3 (5.4) | 45.5 (8.5) | 49.4 (5.8) | 0.351 | 0.732 | 0.028 | 0.536 | 45.3 (5.4) | 43.9 (7.4) | 51.4 (8.5) | 0.047 | 0.857 | 0.216 | 0.941 |
| 2b Alcohol exposure | ||||||||||||||
| Total brain | 1378.2 (99.7) | 1375.3 (88.2) | 1492.4 (103) | 0.028 | 1.13 | 0.031 | 1.22 | 1378.2 (99.7) | 1387.9 (82.7) | 1458.2 (100.8) | 0.173 | 0.798 | 0.106 | 0.763 |
| Cerebrum | 1204.7 (98.2) | 1197.5 (74.7) | 1305.8 (99.3) | 0.029 | 1.02 | 0.083 | 1.23 | 1204.7 (98.2) | 1204.3 (68.8) | 1273.2 (94.1) | 0.200 | 0.712 | 0.005 | 0.836 |
| Cerebral gray | 706.2 (69.7) | 694.8 (42.6) | 766.1 (56.4) | 0.010 | 0.945 | 0.197 | 1.43 | 706.2 (69.7) | 702.2 (48.7) | 753.7 (60.2) | 0.157 | 0.729 | 0.067 | 0.941 |
| Cerebral white | 479.7 (57.9) | 484.3 (51.3) | 512.9 (50.5) | 0.435 | 0.611 | 0.084 | 0.562 | 479.7 (57.9) | 486.7 (44.8) | 504.2 (34.0) | 0.650 | 0.516 | 0.135 | 0.440 |
| Cerebellum | 148.6 (13.3) | 152.7 (12.8) | 164.0 (12.7) | 0.034 | 1.18 | 0.314 | 0.886 | 148.6 (13.3) | 153.4 (8.9) | 161.3 (13.9) | 0.057 | 0.934 | 0.424 | 0.677 |
| Cerebellar gray | 103.5 (10.4) | 106.5 (11.6) | 111.4 (9.1) | 0.142 | 0.808 | 0.272 | 0.470 | 103.5 (10.4) | 107.6 (10.8) | 111.2 (9.9) | 0.292 | 0.758 | 0.387 | 0.347 |
| Cerebellar white | 44.5 (9.1) | 45.6 (7.1) | 51.0 (8.2) | 0.227 | 0.750 | 0.135 | 0.704 | 44.5 (9.1) | 45.6 (6.9) | 50.5 (4.3) | 0.159 | 0.843 | 0.136 | 0.852 |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ex, exposed; ME, main effect; unex, unexposed; 0v2, ADHD-ex vs control-unex; 0v1, ADHD-ex vs ADHD-unex; 1v2, ADHD-unex vs control-unex.
a
Significant MEs (at α=0.05) are reported in boldface. All linear polynomials of the significant MEs were also significant.
b
Cohen's d values for the respective comparisons are reported. The comparisons of which the d-values are printed in boldface were also statistically significant at α=0.05.