Table 2. Adjusted mean inflammation levels across depression groups.

	Controls			Remitted depressive disorder			Current depressive disorder
	Mean	(s.e.)	P	Mean	(s.e.)	P	Mean	(s.e.)	P
CRP, mg l−1,a
Total sample		N=494			N=789			N=1132
Unadjusted	1.09	(1.06)	Ref	1.25	(1.04)	0.05	1.40	(1.04)	<0.001
Adjustedb	1.17	(1.06)	Ref	1.24	(1.04)	0.38	1.36	(1.04)	0.02
Adjustedc	1.27	(1.05)	Ref	1.26	(1.04)	0.91	1.30	(1.03)	0.66
Men		N=193			N=238			N=369
Unadjusted	0.83	(1.09)	Ref	1.14	(1.08)	0.005	1.36	(1.06)	<0.001
Adjustedb	0.92	(1.08)	Ref	1.09	(1.08)	0.13	1.33	(1.06)	<0.001
Adjustedc	1.04	(1.08)	Ref	1.03	(1.07)	0.96	1.29	(1.06)	0.02
Women		N=301			N=551			N=763
Unadjusted	1.29	(1.07)	Ref	1.30	(1.05)	0.94	1.42	(1.05)	0.29
Adjustedb	1.36	(1.07)	Ref	1.34	(1.05)	0.82	1.36	(1.05)	0.96
Adjustedc	1.45	(1.07)	Ref	1.38	(1.05)	0.57	1.30	(1.04)	0.16
IL-6, pg ml−1,a
Total sample		N=494			N=789			N=1132
Unadjusted	0.72	(1.04)	Ref	0.75	(1.03)	0.49	0.80	(1.03)	0.04
Adjustedb	0.74	(1.04)	Ref	0.74	(1.03)	0.88	0.79	(1.03)	0.24
Adjustedc	0.78	(1.04)	Ref	0.74	(1.03)	0.42	0.77	(1.03)	0.91
Men		N=193			N=238			N=369
Unadjusted	0.68	(1.07)	Ref	0.82	(1.06)	0.03	0.89	(1.05)	0.001
Adjustedb	0.72	(1.07)	Ref	0.80	(1.06)	0.20	0.88	(1.05)	0.01
Adjustedc	0.76	(1.07)	Ref	0.78	(1.06)	0.72	0.87	(1.05)	0.10
Women		N=301			N=551			N=763
Unadjusted	0.74	(1.06)	Ref	0.71	(1.04)	0.55	0.75	(1.04)	0.86
Adjustedb	0.77	(1.06)	Ref	0.71	(1.04)	0.22	0.75	(1.03)	0.63
Adjustedc	0.80	(1.06)	Ref	0.72	(1.04)	0.13	0.73	(1.03)	0.14
TNF-α, pg ml−1,a
Total sample		N=494			N=789			N=1132
Unadjusted	0.82	(1.03)	Ref	0.82	(1.02)	0.99	0.86	(1.02)	0.23
Adjustedb	0.84	(1.03)	Ref	0.82	(1.02)	0.60	0.85	(1.02)	0.59
Adjustedc	0.85	(1.03)	Ref	0.82	(1.02)	0.43	0.84	(1.02)	0.78
Men		N=193			N=238			N=369
Unadjusted	0.84	(1.04)	Ref	0.84	(1.04)	0.90	0.87	(1.03)	0.41
Adjustedb	0.85	(1.04)	Ref	0.83	(1.04)	0.65	0.87	(1.03)	0.70
Adjustedc	0.88	(1.04)	Ref	0.83	(1.04)	0.33	0.86	(1.03)	0.69
Women		N=301			N=551			N=763
Unadjusted	0.81	(1.04)	Ref	0.81	(1.03)	0.97	0.85	(1.02)	0.34
Adjustedb	0.83	(1.04)	Ref	0.81	(1.03)	0.76	0.84	(1.02)	0.74
Adjustedc	0.84	(1.04)	Ref	0.82	(1.03)	0.70	0.83	(1.02)	0.90

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

^aTo normalize distributions CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were ln-transformed; for interpretation purposes presented means were back transformed.

^bBased on analyses of (co)variance; adjusted for sex, age and education.

^cAdditionally adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, number of other chronic diseases, statins and anti-inflammatory medication.