Table 2. Adjusted mean inflammation levels across depression groups.
Controls |
Remitted depressive disorder |
Current depressive disorder |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (s.e.) | P | Mean | (s.e.) | P | Mean | (s.e.) | P | |
CRP, mg l−1,a | |||||||||
Total sample | N=494 | N=789 | N=1132 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 1.09 | (1.06) | Ref | 1.25 | (1.04) | 0.05 | 1.40 | (1.04) | <0.001 |
Adjustedb | 1.17 | (1.06) | Ref | 1.24 | (1.04) | 0.38 | 1.36 | (1.04) | 0.02 |
Adjustedc | 1.27 | (1.05) | Ref | 1.26 | (1.04) | 0.91 | 1.30 | (1.03) | 0.66 |
Men | N=193 | N=238 | N=369 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.83 | (1.09) | Ref | 1.14 | (1.08) | 0.005 | 1.36 | (1.06) | <0.001 |
Adjustedb | 0.92 | (1.08) | Ref | 1.09 | (1.08) | 0.13 | 1.33 | (1.06) | <0.001 |
Adjustedc | 1.04 | (1.08) | Ref | 1.03 | (1.07) | 0.96 | 1.29 | (1.06) | 0.02 |
Women | N=301 | N=551 | N=763 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 1.29 | (1.07) | Ref | 1.30 | (1.05) | 0.94 | 1.42 | (1.05) | 0.29 |
Adjustedb | 1.36 | (1.07) | Ref | 1.34 | (1.05) | 0.82 | 1.36 | (1.05) | 0.96 |
Adjustedc | 1.45 | (1.07) | Ref | 1.38 | (1.05) | 0.57 | 1.30 | (1.04) | 0.16 |
IL-6, pg ml−1,a | |||||||||
Total sample | N=494 | N=789 | N=1132 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.72 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.75 | (1.03) | 0.49 | 0.80 | (1.03) | 0.04 |
Adjustedb | 0.74 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.74 | (1.03) | 0.88 | 0.79 | (1.03) | 0.24 |
Adjustedc | 0.78 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.74 | (1.03) | 0.42 | 0.77 | (1.03) | 0.91 |
Men | N=193 | N=238 | N=369 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.68 | (1.07) | Ref | 0.82 | (1.06) | 0.03 | 0.89 | (1.05) | 0.001 |
Adjustedb | 0.72 | (1.07) | Ref | 0.80 | (1.06) | 0.20 | 0.88 | (1.05) | 0.01 |
Adjustedc | 0.76 | (1.07) | Ref | 0.78 | (1.06) | 0.72 | 0.87 | (1.05) | 0.10 |
Women | N=301 | N=551 | N=763 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.74 | (1.06) | Ref | 0.71 | (1.04) | 0.55 | 0.75 | (1.04) | 0.86 |
Adjustedb | 0.77 | (1.06) | Ref | 0.71 | (1.04) | 0.22 | 0.75 | (1.03) | 0.63 |
Adjustedc | 0.80 | (1.06) | Ref | 0.72 | (1.04) | 0.13 | 0.73 | (1.03) | 0.14 |
TNF-α, pg ml−1,a | |||||||||
Total sample | N=494 | N=789 | N=1132 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.82 | (1.03) | Ref | 0.82 | (1.02) | 0.99 | 0.86 | (1.02) | 0.23 |
Adjustedb | 0.84 | (1.03) | Ref | 0.82 | (1.02) | 0.60 | 0.85 | (1.02) | 0.59 |
Adjustedc | 0.85 | (1.03) | Ref | 0.82 | (1.02) | 0.43 | 0.84 | (1.02) | 0.78 |
Men | N=193 | N=238 | N=369 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.84 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.84 | (1.04) | 0.90 | 0.87 | (1.03) | 0.41 |
Adjustedb | 0.85 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.83 | (1.04) | 0.65 | 0.87 | (1.03) | 0.70 |
Adjustedc | 0.88 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.83 | (1.04) | 0.33 | 0.86 | (1.03) | 0.69 |
Women | N=301 | N=551 | N=763 | ||||||
Unadjusted | 0.81 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.81 | (1.03) | 0.97 | 0.85 | (1.02) | 0.34 |
Adjustedb | 0.83 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.81 | (1.03) | 0.76 | 0.84 | (1.02) | 0.74 |
Adjustedc | 0.84 | (1.04) | Ref | 0.82 | (1.03) | 0.70 | 0.83 | (1.02) | 0.90 |
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
To normalize distributions CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were ln-transformed; for interpretation purposes presented means were back transformed.
Based on analyses of (co)variance; adjusted for sex, age and education.
Additionally adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, number of other chronic diseases, statins and anti-inflammatory medication.