Table 1.

Parental and child characteristics, by gender of the parent and child, Ismailia, Egypt (N = 4,465 parent–child dyads)

	Fathers (n = 410)		Mothers (n = 476)
Panel 1: Parental attributes by gender of parent	Mean or %	SD	Mean or %	SD	p
Age in years	65.0	9.3	63.8	10.0	†
Urban residence (%)	47.6		52.1
Number of living daughters	2.7	1.5	2.5	1.5
Number of living sons	2.8	1.6	2.6	1.5	*
Married %	88.5		44.8		**
Grades of schooling	2.9	4.4	1.1	2.5	**
Employed at age 50 (%)	91.2		16.6		**
Household standard of living score, 0–17	9.6	3.2	9.2	3.2	†
Number of ADLs with severe difficulty	0.7	1.5	1.0	1.7	**
Modified M–MMSE score, 0–20	16.4	3.3	14.7	3.6	**
	Children of Fathers (n = 2,134)		Children of Mothers (n = 2,331)
Panel 2: Child’s attributes by gender of parent	Mean or %	SD	Mean or %	SD	p
Female (%)	48.7		49.6
Birth order	3.6	2.2	3.5	2.0	**
Age in years	29.4	10.7	34.7	10.9	**
Lives with parent (%)	43.9		32.6		**
Grades of schooling	9.4	6.1	8.9	6.3	**
Married (%)	63.0		77.8		**
	Sons of Parents (n = 2,270)		Daughters of Parents (n = 2,195)
Panel 3: Child’s attributes by gender of child	Mean or %	SD	Mean or %	SD	p
Birth order	3.5	2.1	3.6	2.2	†
Age in years	32.6	11.2	31.7	11.0	**
Lives with parent (%)	48.7		26.8		**
Grades of schooling	10.1	5.9	8.2	6.3	**
Married (%)	66.0		75.7		**

Note. The sample in Panel 2, column 1, refers to all children in father–child dyads. The sample in Panel 2, column 2, refers to all children in mother–child dyads. The sample in Panel 3, column 1, refers to all sons in parent–child dyads, and the sample in Panel 3, column 2, refers to all daughters in parent–child dyads. Some of the children reported by married older parents may appear more than once.

^†p ≤ .10.

^*p ≤ .05.

^**p ≤ .01.