Table 1.
Interactions between Alcohol and HIV Disease Progression.
| Ref. | Study settings | Population characteristics | Alcohol use patterns | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Found an Association | ||||
|
| ||||
| [11] | USA | 696 HIV positive patients | 10.4% reported hazardous drinking (>14 drinks/week or >4 drinks/occasion for men and >7 drinks/week or >3 drinks/occasion for women) | Hazardous drinking associated with liver disease, defined as aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index >1.5 (RR 3.72, 95% CI 1.40–9.87) |
|
| ||||
| [12] | Italy | 190 patients (71 HIV monoinfected, 53 HCV monoinfected and 66 HIV/HCV coinfected) | The extent of advanced liver fibrosis, defined as liver stiffness ≥9.5 kPa, correlate with alcohol intake (nonsignificant in HIV monoinfected patients, P < 0.001 in HCV monoinfected patients and P < 0.04 in HIV/HCV coinfected patients), but not with HAART exposure or duration of HAART | |
|
| ||||
| [13] | France | 20940 HIV positive patients | Alcohol consumption of any kind in 25 (92.6%) of 27 patients who died from end-stage liver disease | Proportion of excessive alcohol consumption higher in 2003 compared to 1995 (P < 0.05) |
|
| ||||
| [14] | France | 24000 HIV positive patients | Excessive alcohol consumption (>30 g/day) reported in 23 (47.9%) of 48 patients who died from end-stage lived disease | The combination of alcohol and HCV coinfection led 12 (25.0%) deaths Consuming alcohol in excess of 30 g/day associated with death due to end-stage liver disease (P = 0.005) |
|
| ||||
| [15] | France | 210 HIV positive patients with a history of injectable drug use or HCV (60 HIV positive and 150 HIV-negative). There were 41 (19.5%) cases of liver cirrhosis |
76 patients suffered from excessive drinking, with similar rate between HIV positive individuals and HIV-negative individuals | HIV positivity (OR 2.2, CI 1.1–4.5) and excessive drinking (OR 1.9, CI 1.0–3.9) independently associated with cirrhosis |
|
| ||||
| [16] | Spain | 2168 HIV positive patients, including 181 (8.3%) cases of cirrhosis | 95 (52.5%) cirrhotic patients admitted current or past alcohol abuse | Alcohol consumption associated with cirrhosis (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.5–4.8, P < 0.01) |
|
| ||||
| [17] | Spain | 91 HIV positive patients 30 (33.0%) patients suffered from liver toxicity 10 (11.0%) patients suffered from severe liver toxicity 43 (47.2%) patients coinfected with HCV and/or HBV |
High alcohol consumption risk factor for liver toxicity (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.43–4.62, P = 0.01) | |
|
| ||||
| [20] | USA | 164 HIV positive patients | Patients consumed alcohol 88 (53.6%) were hazardous drinkers | Hazardous drinking associated with worsening of dyslipidemia (OR 3.18, 95% CI 0.99–12.05, P = 0.04) |
|
| ||||
| [21] | USA | 300 HIV positive patients, 82 (27.3%) patients experienced pneumonia |
60% of sample reported prior or current alcohol abuse | Alcohol use independent predictor for pneumonia in HIV positive smokers (P = 0.004) |
|
| ||||
| [22] | Spain | 122 HIV-infected adults | Alcohol abuse independent predictor for bacteremic pneumococcal disease (OR 5.28) | |
|
| ||||
| [23] | Spain | 25 HIV-1-postive patients with cerebrovascular ischemia | Cerebrovascular ischemia associated with history of high alcohol intake (OR 7.13, 95% CI 1.69–30.11, P = 0.007) | |
|
| ||||
| [25] | USA | 72 HIV-negative light/nondrinkers, 70 HIV positive light/nondrinkers, 70 HIV positive heavy drinkers and 56 HIV-negative heavy drinkers | 142 (53.0%) light/nondrinkers 126 (47.0%) heavy drinkers |
Synergistic interaction between alcohol abuse and HIV infection with respect to motor and visuomotor speed |
|
| ||||
| [26] | USA | 31 male HIV positive patients, 27 patients with alcoholism, 43 patients with HIV infection and alcoholism comorbidity, and 22 normal healthy controls | 70 (56.9%) patients with alcoholism | HIV and alcoholism comorbidity impair upper motor limb to a greater degree that HIV alone (P = 0.068) or alcoholism alone (P = 0.062) |
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| ||||
| [27] | USA | 40 HIV positive patients, 38 alcoholic patients, 47 alcoholic HIV positive patients, and 39 controls | 85 (51.8%) patients with alcoholism | Immediate episodic memory impaired in HIV positive patients with alcoholism comorbidity |
|
| ||||
| Did Not Find an Association | ||||
|
| ||||
| [24] | USA | 1539 HIV positive patients 881 (57.2%) reported HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, of which 335 (38.0%) reported neuropathic pain |
845 (54.9%) had a history of alcohol abuse or dependence | History of alcohol abuse or dependence not associated with neuropathic pain caused by HIV-associated sensory neuropathy |
|
| ||||
| [28] | Italy | 76 HIV positive patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia 32 (42.1%) were receiving ART | 25 (32.9%) alcohol abusers | Alcohol abuse not associated with a longer time before clinical stability was achieved |
|
| ||||
| [29] | USA | 299 HIV positive patients. Abnormal liver test results observed in 80 (26.8%) patients |
Amount of alcohol consumed per week or alcohol overuse not predictors of liver test abnormalities | |
|
| ||||
| [30] | France | 1175 HIV-infected patients 1048 (89.2%) were HCV coinfected |
Alcohol consumption not associated with HCV-related serious adverse reactions | |