Table 1.

Summary of measures

Construct	Instrument	Source	Internal consistency reliability
Health Literacy
Medical-related reading	S-TOFHLA	Baker et al., 1999	0.90
Medical vocabulary pronunciation	REALM	Davis et al., 1993	0.91
Process
Processing speed	Letter Comparison	Salthouse, 1991	0.73~0.84
	Pattern Comparison	Salthouse, 1991	0.73~0.84
	Finding As	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.73~0.74
	Identical Pictures	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.81~0.87
Working memory	Letter Number Sequencing	Wechsler, 1997
Inductive reasoning	Letter Sets Test	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.74~0.84
	Everyday Problem Solving	Marsiske & Willis, 1995
Visual spatial ability	Card Rotation	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.86~0.89
	Hidden Patterns	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.81~0.91
Knowledge
General (vocabulary)	Advanced Vocabulary	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.79
	Extended Range Vocabulary	Ekstrom et al., 1976	0.81~0.84
	North American Adult Reading Test	Uttl, 2002	0.93
	Author Recognition Test	Stanovich et al., 1995
Specific (health)	Hypertension Knowledge Questionnaire	Modified in Chin, D’Andrea et al., 2009	0.90