Table 2.

Effects of (A) the latitude of origin of the mother plant, common-garden transplant site and their interaction and (B) the latitudinal home-away distance (i.e. the absolute value of the latitudinal difference between the latitude of origin and the latitude of the common-garden transplant site; ΔLatitude), common-garden transplant site and their interaction on seedling traits of ex situ seeds of Milium effusum collected in three common-garden transplant sites located along a latitudinal gradient

(A)
	Latitude		Common garden		Latitude × common garden		Seed mass
	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value
Emergence (%)	5	0·40 n.s.	151	↓15·41***	151	11·77***	151	↑24·65***
Emergence time	5	0·57 n.s.	147	↓10·76***	147	12·07***	147	0·01 n.s.
Abovegr. biomass	5	↓15·01*	144	↑10·36***	144	2·02 n.s.	144	0·77 n.s.

(B)
	ΔLatitude		Common garden		ΔLatitude × common garden		Seed mass
	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value	d.f.	F-value
Emergence (%)	150	↓53·72***	150	↓4·92***	150	1·35 n.s.	150	↑8·32**
Emergence time	146	0·58 n.s.	146	↓14·11***	146	6·48**	146	0·71 n.s.
Abovegr. biomass	143	↑6·35*	143	↑5·79**	143	0·72 n.s.	143	0·57 n.s.

Seed mass was included as a covariate in each of the models.

Results from linear mixed-effect models with ‘region’ and ‘population’ nested within ‘region’ as random effects. n.s., P > 0·1; *, P < 0·05; **, P < 0·01; ***, P < 0·001. d.f., Denominator degrees of freedom. The direction of the effects is reported if P < 0·1: ↓ and ↑ indicate a negative and positive effect, respectively. In the case of the effect of the common gardens, ↓ and ↑ indicate a northward decrease and increase, respectively.