Table 2.
Leaf traits of 61 hydrophyte species
| Binomial | Growth form | LA (mm2) | LFW (mg) | LDW (mg) | LDMC (%) | SLA (mm2 mg−1) | LNC (%) | LCC (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alisma gramineum Lej. subsp. gramineum | Vallisneriden | 4825·5 ± 994·43 | 3452·81 ± 614·98 | 209·44 ± 39·12 | 6·1 ± 0·27 | 23·0 ± 1·86 | 3·3 ± 0·06 | 35·9 ± 0·37 |
| Azolla filiculoides Lam. | Lemniden | 0·9 ± 0·14 | 0·08 ± 0 .02 | 0·02 ± 0·00 | 29·5 ± 7·26 | 41·4 ± 11·76 | 3·5 ± 0·03 | 35·4 ± 0·16 |
| Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville | Herbiden | 1112·4 ± 260·61 | 153·92 ± 38·70 | 17·64 ± 4·58 | 11·5 ± 0·62 | 63·5 ± 4·61 | 4·0 ± 0·03 | 37·2 ± 0·24 |
| Callitriche obtusangula LeGall | Pepliden | 26·8 ± 2·42 | 3·57 ± 0·36 | 0·34 ± 0·03 | 9·4 ± 0·38 | 79·8 ± 5·45 | 4·7 ± 0·19 | 41·2 ± 0·21 |
| Callitriche platycarpa Kütz. | Pepliden | 32·0 ± 4·63 | 3·70 ± 0·54 | 0·48 ± 0·11 | 12·8 ± 1·19 | 68·5 ± 8·65 | 2·8 ± 0·01 | 37·4 ± 0·07 |
| Ceratophyllum demersum L. | Ceratophylliden | 41·1 ± 8·46 | 9·49 ± 1·96 | 0·66 ± 0·13 | 7·1 ± 0·43 | 61·5 ± 5·15 | 4·2 ± 0·05 | 39·9 ± 0·20 |
| Egeria densa Planch. | Elodeiden | 104·0 ± 13·90 | 7·98 ± 1·14 | 1·13 ± 0·20 | 14·1 ± 0·63 | 92·6 ± 6·92 | 5·1 ± 0·05 | 42·9 ± 0·26 |
| Elodea canadensis Michx. | Elodeiden | 26·3 ± 3·71 | 2·02 ± 0·31 | 0·35 ± 0·06 | 17·5 ± 2·92 | 76·4 ± 14·29 | 4·5 ± 0·07 | 39·2 ± 0·60 |
| Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H.St.John | Elodeiden | 27·7 ± 4·26 | 2·03 ± 0·49 | 0·46 ± 0·12 | 22·5 ± 1·45 | 62·3 ± 8·10 | 3·3 ± 0·11 | 37·8 ± 0·74 |
| Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. | Parvopotamiden | 39·9 ± 8·06 | 2·07 ± 0·45 | 0·36 ± 0·09 | 17·3 ± 1·51 | 112·1 ± 9·22 | 3·1 ± 0·07 | 38·5 ± 0·33 |
| Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) W.D.J. Koch | Herbiden | 3362·4 ± 974·29 | 717·73 ± 235·11 | 56·58 ± 18·00 | 7·9 ± 0·58 | 60·2 ± 7·50 | 5·0 ± 0·01 | 39·1 ± 0·10 |
| Hippuris vulgaris L. | Elodeiden | 52·3 ± 8·10 | 5·73 ± 1·05 | 0·72 ± 0·15 | 12·5 ± 0·88 | 73·7 ± 5·84 | 3·4 ± 0·03 | 38·2 ± 0·13 |
| Hottonia palustris L. | Myriophylliden | 257·7 ± 11·40 | 31·02 ± 1·80 | 5·82 ± 1·24 | 18·7 ± 3·74 | 45·9 ± 8·64 | 2·0 ± 0·06 | 41·2 ± 0·53 |
| Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. | Hydrochariden | 1466·6 ± 170·53 | 283·93 ± 42·79 | 41·49 ± 6·20 | 14·6 ± 0·38 | 35·5 ± 1·93 | 4·1 ± 0·05 | 44·0 ± 0·15 |
| Juncus bulbosus L. | Isoetiden | 91·6 ± 17·71 | 15·64 ± 4·52 | 4·07 ± 1·19 | 26·5 ± 6·54 | 23·5 ± 4·94 | 1·4 ± 0·02 | 43·3 ± 0·37 |
| Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss. | Parvopotamiden | 17·6 ± 2·69 | 1·56 ± 0·24 | 0·38 ± 0·06 | 24·4 ± 0·84 | 46·2 ± 2·24 | 3·0 ± 0·04 | 40·6 ± 0·10 |
| Lemna gibba L. | Lemniden | 18·8 ± 2·09 | 8·27 ± 1·13 | 0·34 ± 0·08 | 4·1 ± 0·96 | 56·9 ± 6·85 | 3·7 ± 0·03 | 41·6 ± 0·24 |
| Lemna minor L. | Lemniden | 5·8 ± 0·77 | 0·60 ± 0·10 | 0·07 ± 0·01 | 12·3 ± 1·02 | 80·0 ± 8·37 | 2·8 ± 0·01 | 37·4 ± 0·19 |
| Lemna minuta Kunth | Lemniden | 2·4 ± 0·54 | 0·16 ± 0·04 | 0·02 ± 0·00 | 10·1 ± 0·90 | 155·5 ± 30·07 | 2·7 ± 0·01 | 35·3 ± 0·05 |
| Lemna trisulca L. | Riccielliden | 18·0 ± 3·95 | 2·51 ± 0·48 | 0·33 ± 0·08 | 13·3 ± 2·22 | 55·0 ± 8·58 | 2·7 ± 0·03 | 36·9 ± 0·36 |
| Marsilea quadrifolia L. | Magnonymphaeiden | 534·2 ± 123·93 | 70·72 ± 17·84 | 16·01 ± 3·76 | 22·7 ± 1·27 | 33·5 ± 1·74 | 3·2 ± 0·05 | 44·3 ± 0·12 |
| Myriophyllum aquaticum (Velloso) Verdc. | Myriophylliden | 455·1 ± 57·73 | 32·79 ± 3·22 | 2·24 ± 0·27 | 6·8 ± 0·33 | 203·2 ± 11·52 | 3·0 ± 0·02 | 38·4 ± 0·10 |
| Myriophyllum spicatum L. | Myriophylliden | 160·0 ± 56·09 | 18·45 ± 5·76 | 2·22 ± 0·70 | 12·1 ± 0·97 | 71·4 ± 6·87 | 3·3 ± 0·00 | 42·1 ± 0·11 |
| Myriophyllum verticillatum L. | Myriophylliden | 278·3 ± 58·21 | 38·68 ± 10·56 | 2·96 ± 0·83 | 7·6 ± 0·47 | 96·5 ± 12·54 | 2·7 ± 0·02 | 41·2 ± 0·20 |
| Najas marina ssp. intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Casper | Parvopotamiden | 94·3 ± 18·93 | 50·58 ± 14·10 | 2·43 ± 0·63 | 4·8 ± 0·30 | 39·8 ± 5·11 | 2·4 ± 0·06 | 36·2 ± 0·49 |
| Najas minor All. | Parvopotamiden | 6·2 ± 1·29 | 0·69 ± 0·15 | 0·08 ± 0·02 | 12·1 ± 1·61 | 76·3 ± 16·21 | 3·7 ± 0·08 | 40·9 ± 0·52 |
| Nasturtium officinale R.Br. subsp. officinale | Herbiden | 339·3 ± 160·47 | 56·39 ± 29·70 | 3·48 ± 1·82 | 6·2 ± 0·50 | 101·0 ± 12·97 | 6·7 ± 0·08 | 39·2 ± 0·22 |
| Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. | Magnonymphaeiden | 27701·7 ± 4930·16 | 13464·90 ± 2803·01 | 2688·60 ± 559·88 | 20·0 ± 1·52 | 10·4 ± 0·98 | 2·7 ± 0·03 | 44·8 ± 0·22 |
| Nymphaea alba L. | Magnonymphaeiden | 44608·0 ± 6206·08 | 23801·20 ± 3389·24 | 4980·90 ± 894·25 | 20·8 ± 0·97 | 9·0 ± 0·58 | 1·9 ± 0·02 | 45·2 ± 0·08 |
| Nymphaea candida C. Presl | Magnonymphaeiden | 35576·6 ± 6193·01 | 14390·00 ± 3148·49 | 2998·00 ± 878·03 | 20·6 ± 2·32 | 12·3 ± 2·09 | 3·1 ± 0·04 | 45·4 ± 0·20 |
| Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & Hellquist | Magnonymphaeiden | 25388·1 ± 5011·12 | 11098·00 ± 2652·61 | 2053·00 ± 419·81 | 18·7 ± 2·12 | 12·5 ± 1·86 | 2·8 ± 0·03 | 45·4 ± 0·16 |
| Nymphaea × marliacea Wildsmith cv. Carnea | Magnonymphaeiden | 43936·7 ± 8548·06 | 18817·80 ± 4797·76 | 3309·90 ± 1111·52 | 17·4 ± 3·27 | 13·9 ± 2·20 | 2·4 ± 0·02 | 45·2 ± 0·14 |
| Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) Kuntze | Magnonymphaeiden | 6894·3 ± 021·33 | 2243·07 ± 694·13 | 268·04 ± 86·74 | 11·9 ± 0·78 | 26·1 ± 3·19 | 2·8 ± 0·01 | 44·6 ± 0·10 |
| Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre | Magnonymphaeiden | 1347·6 ± 198·90 | 242·48 ±3 7·41 | 44·24 ± 8·14 | 18·2 ± 1·03 | 30·7 ± 2·30 | 3·9 ± 0·05 | 45·0 ± 0·34 |
| Persicaria dubia (Stein.) Fourr. | Herbiden | 821·9 ± 58·78 | 131·87 ± 9·81 | 14·98 ± 0·89 | 11·4 ± 0·46 | 54·9 ± 2·71 | 5·6 ± 0·06 | 41·2 ± 0·39 |
| Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre | Herbiden | 1017·0 ± 346·47 | 100·42 ± 33·24 | 12·33 ± 3·64 | 12·4 ± 0·77 | 81·5 ± 6·84 | 5·4 ± 0·12 | 42·8 ± 0·43 |
| Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber | Parvopotamiden | 60·5 ± 6·88 | 3·51 ± 0·43 | 0·63 ± 0·13 | 17·9 ± 2·57 | 98·3 ± 14·89 | 3·5 ± 0·07 | 39·1 ± 0·46 |
| Potamogeton crispus L. | Parvopotamiden | 499·9 ± 39·12 | 56·05 ± 4·73 | 11·08 ± 0·83 | 19·9 ± 1·88 | 45·3 ± 4·80 | 4·2 ± 0·02 | 45·2 ± 0·34 |
| Potamogeton lucens L. | Batrachiden | 1686·2 ± 220·79 | 329·95 ± 45·08 | 40·92 ± 5·33 | 12·4 ± 0·45 | 41·3 ± 1·91 | 4·7 ± 0·05 | 42·5 ± 0·08 |
| Potamogeton natans L. | Batrachiden | 3736·9 ± 754·83 | 644·56 ± 140·91 | 119·66 ± 26·34 | 18·6 ± 1·52 | 31·7 ± 5·06 | 4·1 ± 0·09 | 44·6 ± 0·14 |
| Potamogeton nodosus Poir. | Batrachiden | 4068·4 ± 702·53 | 932·10 ± 200·07 | 183·67 ± 62·22 | 19·6 ± 4·82 | 24·2 ± 8·30 | 3·5 ± 0·06 | 45·2 ± 0·18 |
| Potamogeton pectinatus L. | Parvopotamiden | 40·4 ± 6·63 | 8·65 ± 1·68 | 1·22 ± 0·23 | 14·1 ± 0·89 | 33·8 ± 6·03 | 3·7 ± 0·14 | 43·8 ± 1·20 |
| Potamogeton perfoliatus L. | Magnopotamiden | 654·4 ± 137·03 | 99·96 ± 22·78 | 16·26 ± 3·25 | 16·4 ± 0·99 | 40·2 ± 2·98 | 2·4 ± 0·06 | 40·9 ± 0·18 |
| Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. | Batrachiden | 1529·0 ± 229·32 | 309·36 ± 55·52 | 102·31 ± 15·13 | 33·3 ± 1·78 | 15·0 ± 1·07 | 2·3 ± 0·04 | 45·0 ± 0·55 |
| Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. | Parvopotamiden | 24·4 ± 5·01 | 1·39 ± 0·32 | 0·31 ± 0·07 | 22·1 ± 1·75 | 80·2 ± 5·68 | 4·6 ± 0·11 | 41·5 ± 0·59 |
| Ranunculus aquatilis L. | Batrachiden | 169·5 ± 31·35 | 37·76 ± 8·20 | 4·02 ± 0·81 | 10·7 ± 0·33 | 42·4 ± 2·21 | 5·3 ± 0·04 | 41·9 ± 0·25 |
| Ranunculus fluitans Lam. | Myriophylliden | 638·8 ± 118·09 | 195·71 ± 42·38 | 26·08 ± 6·84 | 13·2 ± 1·25 | 25·2 ± 3·54 | 3·1 ± 0·02 | 42·1 ± 0·47 |
| Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix subsp. eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K. Cook | Myriophylliden | 107·0 ± 48·97 | 14·89 ± 7·00 | 2·85 ± 0·93 | 20·5 ± 5·18 | 36·7 ± 7·73 | 3·0 ± 0·08 | 44·1 ± 0·11 |
| Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix subsp. trichophyllus | Myriophylliden | 974·3 ± 180·00 | 226·01 ± 48·03 | 20·31 ± 4·36 | 9·0 ± 1·08 | 48·3 ± 3·98 | 4·2 ± 0·13 | 41·3 ± 0·31 |
| Salvinia natans (L.) All. | Lemniden | 126·5 ± 18·01 | 31·74 ± 6·40 | 2·29 ± 0·52 | 7·2 ± 0·71 | 56·7 ± 8·77 | 3·1 ± 0·04 | 39·0 ± 0·40 |
| Sparganium emersum Rehmann | Vallisneriden | 5247·5 ± 1757·44 | 1324·50 ± 578·09 | 125·69 ± 49·29 | 9·6 ± 0·99 | 42·5 ± 3·60 | 3·7 ± 0·03 | 41·3 ± 0·24 |
| Sparganium natans L. | Vallisneriden | 3042·4 ± 302·53 | 677·27 ± 88·03 | 141·49 ± 13·69 | 21·0 ± 1·43 | 21·6 ± 1·73 | 3·7 ± 0·02 | 45·4 ± 0·04 |
| Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. | Lemniden | 40·0 ± 2·53 | 8·59 ± 0·73 | 0·94 ± 0·08 | 11·0 ± 0·75 | 42·7 ± 3·30 | 4·7 ± 0·05 | 42·1 ± 0·28 |
| Trapa natans L. | Magnonymphaeiden | 3640·7 ± 467·05 | 1430·81 ± 199·74 | 319·35 ± 46·73 | 22·3 ± 1·17 | 11·4 ± 0·63 | 2·8 ± 0·01 | 42·5 ± 0·04 |
| Utricularia australis R.Br. | Ceratophylliden | 106·5 ± 12·48 | 10·21 ± 1·95 | 0·82 ± 0·16 | 8·0 ± 0·36 | 133·3 ± 19·57 | 4·0 ± 0·06 | 44·3 ± 0·29 |
| Utricularia vulgaris L. | Ceratophylliden | 46·3 ± 11·62 | 3·49 ± 0·84 | 0·28 ± 0·07 | 8·1 ± 0·59 | 164·0 ± 9·31 | 3·5 ± 0·11 | 39·8 ± 0·80 |
| Vallisneria americana Michx. | Vallisneriden | 21861·6 ± 4590·41 | 8990·60 ± 1991·34 | 509·17 ± 153·22 | 5·6 ± 0·60 | 43·9 ± 4·64 | 2·8 ± 0·02 | 37·7 ± 0·11 |
| Vallisneria spiralis L. | Vallisneriden | 4095·9 ± 1062·65 | 1080·80 ± 325·96 | 62·13 ± 21·34 | 5·7 ± 0·39 | 68·1 ± 8·82 | 3·5 ± 0·01 | 35·6 ± 0·09 |
| Veronica beccabunga L. | Herbiden | 280·9 ± 63·58 | 44·36 ± 11·17 | 2·36 ± 0·60 | 5·3 ± 0·19 | 120·1 ± 6·08 | 5·0 ± 0·01 | 42·5 ± 0·05 |
| Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. | Lemniden | 0·8 ± 0·09 | 0·19 ± 0·04 | 0·01 ± 0·00 | 4·4 ± 0·73 | 103·4 ± 25·81 | 4·3 ± 0·08 | 36·6 ± 0·55 |
| Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. palustris | Parvopotamiden | 19·3 ± 3·60 | 1·73 ± 0·39 | 0·23 ± 0·04 | 13·2 ± 0·83 | 85·6 ± 8·66 | 2·8 ± 0·04 | 36·8 ± 0·17 |
Data represent the means ± s.e. of ten replicates (LNC and LCC; n = 3). Traits are: LA, leaf area; LFW, leaf fresh weight; LDW, leaf dry weight; LDMC, leaf dry matter content; SLA, specific leaf area; LNC, leaf nitrogen concentration; LCC, leaf carbon concentration. Growth forms follow Wiegleb (1991), as summarized in Table 1.