Table 1.

Contribution to hummingbird wing supination and flapping movement of joint, by wing location. α, supination; θ, spherical rotation; φ, long-axis rotation; ω, polar rotation, n.a., not applicable; —, contribution less than standard deviation. All values mean ± s.d., n = 4 birds.

	supination				flapping movement
	shoulder	elbow	wrist	unknown	shoulder		elbow	wrist
	α	α	α	α	θ	Φ	ω	θ	φ	unknown
fourth secondary	23 ± 9°	—	13 ± 3°	28 ± 8°	35 ± 6%	—	6 ± 2%	—	18 ± 3%	45 ± 6%
first secondary	22 ± 9	—	36 ± 16	40 ± 11	27 ± 3	—	3 ± 1	4 ± 3%	27 ± 9	33 ± 10
fourth primary	17 ± 9	—	45 ± 14	75 ± 12	23 ± 2	16 ± 5%	4 ± 2	11 ± 7	14 ± 8	33 ± 5
leading edge	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	23 ± 2	40 ± 5	10 ± 4	14 ± 5	—	11 ± 3
tip	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	21 ± 1	31 ± 2	—	14 ± 7	—	22 ± 2