Table 1.

Indications

A. Indications include, but are not limited to

1. Relief of urinary obstruction

a. Urosepsis or suspected infection

b. Acute renal failure

c. Intractable pain

2. Urinary diversion

a. Hemorrhagic cystitis

b. Traumatic or iatrogenic ureteral injury

c. Inflammatory or malignant urinary fistula

3. Access for endourologic procedure

a. Stone removal

b. Dilatation or stenting of a ureteral stricture

c. Endopyelotomy

d. Foreign body retrieval (e.g., fractured stent)

e. Ureteral occlusion for urinary fistula

f. Tumor fulguration

g. Delivery of medications and chemotherapy

h. Biopsy of a urothelial lesion

4. Diagnostic testing

a. Antegrade pyelography

b. Ureteral perfusion (Whitaker test)