Table 1.
A geochemical summary of acid-sulfate-chloride springs (Norris Geyser Basin) and acid-sulfate springs (Joseph’s Coat and Rainbow Springs) showing concentrations of major electron donors, O2 and solid phase analysis using synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
| Spring ID1 | Sampling Point (m)2 | T (C°) | pH | H2S μM | O2 μM | FeII μM | AsIII μM | H2 (aq) nM | Summary of SEM/EDAX and XRD analysis3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NGB-BE | A (0) | 75 | 3.1 | 120 | <3 | 36 | 26 | 0.066 | 1.5 | 60 | Positions A–C: S0 |
| D (6) | 66 | 3 | 8 | 55 | 34 | 22 | 0.067 | 1.6 | 14 | Positions D, E: ∼1–3 cm, soft | |
| E (7.5) | 62 | 3 | 3 | 77 | 31 | 19 | 0.068 | 1.6 | 14 | Amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxide; 0.7 mol AsV/mole Fe* | |
| NGB-BW | A (0) | 72 | 3 | 130 | <3 | 33 | 24 | 0.067 | 1.6 | 40 | Positions: A–C: S0 |
| D(8.4) | 60 | 3 | 2 | 87 | 30 | 18 | 0.068 | 1.6 | 11 | Position D: ∼0.2–0.4 cm soft, | |
| Amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxide; 0.7 molAsV/mole Fe* | |||||||||||
| NGB-OSP | A (0) | 82 | 3.6 | 11 | 7 | 28 | 20 | 0.08 | 1.1 | 46 | Positions B, C: ∼1–2 cm, soft |
| B (2–3)4 | 73 | 3.5 | 2 | 31 | 27 | 21 | 0.079 | 1 | 46 | amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxide; 0.6 molAsV/mole Fe | |
| C (3.5) | 65 | 3.5 | <0.3 | 46 | 22 | 19 | 0.07 | 1 | 18 | ||
| D (4) | 57 | 3.5 | <0.3 | 90 | 20 | nd | 0.08 | 1.1 | nd | ||
| NGB-GAP | A (0) | 84 | 3.3 | 8 | <3 | 63 | 25 | 0.065 | 1 | 148 | Position B: 1–3 cm, soft |
| B (0.3) | 77 | 3.3 | 2 | 35 | 58 | 22 | 0.067 | 1 | 18 | Scorodite | |
| NGB-WG | A (0) | 64 | 3.3 | <0.3 | nd | 7 | 29 | 0.074 | 1.2 | 37 | Edge of source pool: 1 cm, soft |
| Amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxide | |||||||||||
| NGB-PB | A (0) | 85 | 3.4 | 1.3 | nd | 13 | 29 | 0.068 | 1.1 | 12 | Edge of source pool: 2–3 cm, soft |
| Scorodite | |||||||||||
| NGB-EG | A (0) | 76 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 44 | 37 | 3 | 0.066 | 3.2 | 120 | Position C: 1–2 cm, soft |
| C (10) | 70 | 3.4 | <0.3 | 56 | 35.5 | 2 | 0.069 | 3.2 | 99 | Ferrihydrite | |
| JC2 | A (0) | 88 | 2.6 | 4 | <3 | 91 | 0.25 | 1.93 | 5.6 | 166 | Position B, C, D: 0.2–0.4 cm, hard |
| B (2.7) | 75 | 2.5 | <0.3 | 6 | 86 | 0.13 | 2.22 | 6 | 132 | Goethite, hematite, quartz | |
| C (7.1) | 65 | 2.4 | <0.3 | 48 | 66 | 0.09 | 2.44 | 6.4 | 126 | ||
| D (12) | 59 | 2.4 | <0.3 | 78 | 50 | 0.03 | 2.37 | 6.6 | 43 | ||
| E (18.5)5 | 75 | 2.5 | 230 | <3 | 88 | 0.33 | 2.42 | 5.9 | 126 | Position E: S0 | |
| F (22.0) | 56 | 2.4 | 30 | 48 | 72 | 0.19 | 2.47 | 6.3 | 41 | ||
| RS2 | A (0) | 77 | 2.6 | 7 | <3 | 91 | 3.1 | 1.72 | 7.3 | 53 | Position B, C, D: 0.2–0.4 cm, hard |
| B (2.2) | 73 | 2.5 | 2 | 22 | 81 | 2.5 | 1.74 | 7.3 | 32 | K-jarosite, goethite, quartz | |
| C (2.3)5 | 77 | 2.7 | 6 | <3 | 86 | 3 | 1.72 | 7.3 | 52 | ||
| D (8.3) | 69 | 2.6 | 1 | 44 | 76 | 2.5 | 1.76 | 7.5 | 37 | ||
| F (12.6) | 54 | 2.5 | <0.3 | 99 | 34 | 0.9 | 1.75 | 7.4 | 28 | ||
| RS3 | A (0) | 54 | 3.2 | <0.3 | <3 | 220 | 1.1 | 1.47 | 6.3 | 27 | Position A, B: 2–4 cm, soft |
| B (0.9) | 53 | 3.2 | <0.3 | 14 | 200 | 1.2 | 1.47 | 6.3 | 17 | Goethite, ferrihydrite |
*Mineralogy data from Beowulf Spring from Inskeep et al. (2004); all other sites from this study.
1Spring abbreviations: NGB, Norris Geyser Basin, JC, Joseph’s Coat Hot Springs; RS, Rainbow Springs (also see materials and Methods for different springs).
2Letters correspond to different sampling positions within the primary flow channel.
3SEM/EDAX, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays: predominant locations and mat characteristics are provided.
4Sampling location of metagenome sample “OSP_8.”
nd, Not determined.