Table 3.

Circulating serum levels of biomarkers and cytokines (n=3-4 per group per timepoint; mean ± 95% CI).

		Pre-Fx	Post-Fx Day 0	Post-Fx Day 1	Post-Fx Day 3	Post-Fx Day 5	Post-Fx Day 7	Sham Day 7
Biomarkers (ng/mL)
HA*
	Non-Fractured	501 ± 291 a,b						319 ± 134 a,b
	Low Energy Fracture		405 ± 91 a,b	1078 ± 4932 c	465 ± 538 b	601 ± 203 c	652 ± 170 c
	High Energy Fracture		352 ± 205 a,b	1486 ± 9302 c	5355 ± 2869 b	639 ± 432 c	717 ± 344 c
COMP
	Non-Fractured	206 ± 86						223 ± 74
	Low Energy Fracture		223 ± 67	247 ± 784	252 ± 368	231 ± 94	295 ± 90
	High Energy Fracture		258 ± 70	304 ± 483	259 ± 94	253 ± 367	311 ± 1057
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines (pg/mL)
IL-1α*
	Non-Fractured	143 ± 57 a						88 ± 72 a
	Low Energy Fracture		142 ± 111 a	91 ± 474	47 ± 341 b	162 ± 29	93 ± 76
	High Energy Fracture		258 ± 70 a	304 ± 483	259 ± 94 b	253 ± 367	311 ± 1057
IL-1β
	Non-Fractured	64 ± 33						60 ± 40
	Low Energy Fracture		82 ± 24	76 ± 459	53 ± 50	232 ± 454	87 ± 59
	High Energy Fracture		69 ± 31	72 ± 183	75 ± 229	183 ± 509	101 ± 553
TNF-α
	Non-Fractured	568 ± 523						611 ± 871
	Low Energy Fracture		1278 ± 885	1455 ± 14848	704 ± 2128	4033 ± 11448	1218 ± 1796
	High Energy Fracture		1243 ± 1857	815 ± 3639	957 ± 1769	979 ± 1427	1076 ± 6496
IL-6
	Non-Fractured	84 ± 195						20 ± 25
	Low Energy Fracture		36 ± 18	65 ± 683	105 ± 1120	108 ± 283	23 ± 23
	High Energy Fracture		31 ± 24	36 ± 71	49 ± 358	27 ± 37	30 ± 118
Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines (pg/mL)
IL-4
	Non-Fractured	1.19 ± 0.72						0.87 ± 0.59
	Low Energy Fracture		1.45 ± 0.22	1.69 ± 14.55	0.66 ± 0.19	1.51 ± 1.17	1.07 ± 1.33
	High Energy Fracture		1.27 ± 1.02	1.55 ± 4.07	1.26 ± 0.13	1.29 ± 1.45	1.78 ± 12.58
IL-10
	Non-Fractured	59 ± 39						48 ± 64
	Low Energy Fracture		83 ± 74	159 ± 1630	70 ± 131	124 ± 161	63 ± 27
	High Energy Fracture		65 ± 95	97 ± 242	60 ± 4	58 ± 82	40 ± 478

^*Values with different letters are significantly different from one another (p<0.05).