Table 4.

Frailty syndrome and risk of disability and all-cause mortality in nondemented individuals and demented patients

		Surveys	New events	Total subjects	Partially adjusteda		Fully adjustedb
					HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Disability (worsening of functions in ADL ≥1)	Nondemented individuals	1992–1993	379	2,193	1.45	1.18–2.01	1.32	1.06–1.86
		1995–1996
	Nondemented individuals	1992–1993	546	2,121	1.27	0.95–1.52	1.16	0.88–1.56
		2000–2001
All-cause mortality	Nondemented individuals	1992–1993	369	2,193	2.82	1.68–3.51	1.98	1.52–2.60
		1995–1996
	Nondemented individuals	1992–1993	782	2,121	2.11	1.76–2.53	1.74	1.44–2.16
		2000–2001
Disability (worsening of functions in ADL ≥1)	Demented patients	1992–1993	19	75	1.36	0.54–3.56	1.84	0.54–6.31
		1995–1996
	Demented patients	1992–1993	21	75	1.30	0.53–3.11	1.28	0.41–3.43
		2000–2001
All-cause mortality	Demented patients	1992–1993	43	75	2.51	1.28–4.93	3.33	1.29–8.29
		1995–1996
	Demented patients	1992–1993	55	75	1.99	1.15–3.52	1.89	1.10–3.44
		2000–2001

The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2nd survey, 1995–1996 and 3rd survey, 2000–2001

ADL Activities of Daily Living, HR hazard ratios, CI confidence interval, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

^aHRs were adjusted for age, sex (coded 0 for women and 1 for men), and failure type as covariate in partially adjusted models

^bHRs were adjusted for age categories (coded 1 for 65–69, coded 2 for 70–74, coded 3 for 75–79, and coded 4 for 80–84), gender (coded 0 for women and 1 for men), education, pack-years {pack-years cigarettes [coded 0 for pack-years cigarettes = 0 (never smoking) and 1 for pack-years cigarettes ≥0.5]}, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living score, Mini Mental State Examination score, Charlson comorbidity index, serum albumin levels, in fully adjusted models for the nondemented population; MMSE and IADL scores were excluded from the models for the demented population