Table 1.

Characterization of pathways and constituent and other factors in combined regulation of hTERT transcription.

Factor (hTERT binding sites)	Primary role	References
Pathway – Cell Cycle
CDK2	Activator	(McArthur et al. 2002)
CDK4	Activator	(Leng et al. 2002)
Cyclin D	Activator	(Leng et al. 2002)
Cyclin E	Activator	(McArthur et al. 2002)
p21	Repressor	(Henderson et al. 2000; Lai et al. 2007; Harper et al. 1993)
p53	Repressor	(Lai et al. 2007; Shats et al. 2004; Chun and Jin 2003)
p27	Mostly repressor	(Ray et al. 2009)
Rb	Mostly repressor	(Wang et al. 2005)
E2F1 (2)	Mostly repressor	(Stanelle et al. 2002)
p14 (p19)	Repressor	(Moore et al. 2003; Guo et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2006)
MDM2	Activator	(Moore et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2006)
p16	Repressor	(Henderson et al. 2000)
Pathway – TGF-β
TGF-β	Repressor	(Wu et al. 2009)
TGF-βR1	Repressor	(Eickelberg et al. 2002)
TGF-βR2	Repressor	(Eickelberg et al. 2002)
SMAD3	Repressor	(Chen et al. 2002)
SMAD4	Repressor	(Wu et al. 2003; Ren et al. 2009)
E2F4	Repressor	(Chen et al. 2002)
E2F5	Repressor	(Chen et al. 2002)
Pathway – PI3K/Akt
PI3K	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008; Bai et al. 2009
Akt	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009; Chou et al. 2009)
PTEN	Repressor	(Feng et al. 2007; Zhou et al. 2006; Phuong et al. 2011)
mTOR	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008)
IKK	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009)
hTERT	Activator	(Lai et al. 2007; Perrault et al. 2005; Takano et al. 2008)
Pathway – NF-κB (canonical)
NF-κB (p50) (1)	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009)
NF-κB (p65) (1)	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009)
IKK	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009; Kamata et al. 2002)
IκB	Repressor	(Bai et al. 2009)
Pathway – NF-κB (non-canonical)
NIK	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009; Varfolomeev et al. 2007)
IKK	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009)
NF-κB (p100) (1)	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009; Varfolomeev et al. 2007)
NF-κB (RelB) (1)	Activator	(Bai et al. 2009; Varfolomeev et al. 2007)
Pathway – MAPK
RAS	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008)
MEK	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008)
ERK	Activator	(Wang et al. 2008)
Pathway – ErbB
EGF	Activator	(Wang et al. 2008)
EGFR	Activator	(Wang et al. 2008)
HER2/neu	Activator	(Hsu et al. 2008)
PI3K	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008)
Pathway – TGF-β and Cell Cycle (a link between activation and repression pathways)
p107	Repressor	(Chen et al. 2002; Beijersbergen et al. 1994)
Pathway – TGF-β and PI3K/Akt (a link between activation and repression pathways)
Jab1	Activator	(Wan et al. 2002; Tomoda et al. 2002; Oh et al. 2006)
Pathway – Cell Cycle, TGF-β, PI3K/Akt and MAPK
c-MYC (2)	Activator	(Chen et al. 2002; Casillas et al. 2003)
MAD1 (2)	Repressor	(Zhu et al. 2008; Casillas et al. 2003)
Other
AP2 (17)	Activator	(Kyo et al. 2008)
AP4 (9)	Activator	(Jung et al. 2008; Jung and Hermeking 2009)
BRCA1	Repressor	(Li et al. 2002)
CCAC (1)	Activator	(Wick et al. 1999)
c-Ets-2 (2)	Activator	(Kyo et al. 2008)
c-IAPI	Activator	(Zhu et al. 2008)
c-Myb (2)	Activator	(Quintana et al. 2011; Drabsch et al. 2010)
CREB/ATF (1)	Activator	(Cong et al. 1999)
CTCF (2)	Mostly repressor	(Renaud et al. 2007)
AP1	Mixed	(Cherlet and Murphy 2007)
ERα (2)	Activator	(Tee et al. 2004)
ERβ (2)	Mostly activator	(Tee et al. 2004)
IK2 (6)	Activator	(Cong et al. 1999)
INHBC	Activator	(Perrault et al. 2005)
MAD3 (2)	Repressor	(Jiang et al. 2008)
MAZ (3)	Activator	(Song et al. 1998; Song et al. 2003)
Menin (2)	Repressor	(Imachi et al. 2010; Suphapeetiporn et al. 2002)
MNT (2)	Repressor	(Hooker and Hurlin 2006)
MyoD (3)	Mixed	(Jin et al. 2011)
MZF-2 (4)	Repressor	(Fujimoto et al. 2000; Ogawa et al. 2003)
NF1 (9)	Activator	(Chikhirzhina et al. 2008)
NFAT (5)	Activator	(Chebel et al., 2009)
NF-E2 (1)	Activator	(Goerttler et al. 2005)
PITX1	Repressor	(Qi et al. 2011)
Sp1 (14)	Mostly activator	(Parisi et al. 2007)
USF1/USF2 (2)	Mixed	(Goueli and Janknecht 2003)
WT1 (1)	Mostly repressor	(Sitaram et al. 2010)