Table 2. Results of cross-validation experiment under the epistatic genetic model for the barley kernel weight trait using the PML, eBayes, BSPML and LASSO methods.

Method	Mean prediction error	R2a	r2b
PML	3.034	0.3557	0.4886
eBayes	2.657	0.4356	0.5075
BSPML	2.269	0.5182	0.5359
LASSO	2.229	0.5265	0.5402

Abbreviations: BSPML, bias-correction and shrinkage penalized maximum likelihood; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MPE, mean prediction error; PML, penalized maximum likelihood.

^aR²=1−MPE/mean squared deviation, where and

^bPearson's correlation coefficient squared.