Table 3.
Two-Level Estimates of the Change in Total BPI Score after the Birth of a Younger Sibling, according to Intention Status of Younger Sibling’s Birth (standard errors in parentheses)
| Boysd |
Girlse |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Intention Status of Younger Sibling’s Birth | ||||||
| Unintended (either unwanted or mistimed) a | 2.26* (1.12) |
1.02 (1.18) |
||||
| Unwanted a | 1.33 (1.51) |
1.15 (1.66) |
||||
| Mistimed a | 2.90* (1.28) |
.90 (1.31) |
||||
| Intention Status of Focal Child’s Own Birth | ||||||
| Unintended (either unwanted or mistimed) a | .81 (1.20) |
−2.03 (1.25) |
||||
| Unwanted a | −.07 (1.21) |
−1.16 (2.51) |
||||
| Mistimed a | 1.15 (1.26) |
−2.18 (1.31) |
||||
| Focal Child’s Total BPI score before younger sibling’s birth |
.49*** (.03) |
.48*** (.04) |
.48*** (.04) |
.52*** (.04) |
.52*** (.04) |
.52*** (.04) |
| Family Characteristics (before younger sibling’s birth) |
||||||
| Family income | −.03* (.01) |
−.03* (.01) |
−.03* (.01) |
−.0003 (.02) |
.0001 (.02) |
.0001 (.02) |
| Home ownership | −.17 (1.28) |
−.02 (1.28) |
.01 (1.28) |
−2.75* (1.30) |
−2.83* (1.32) |
−2.80* (1.32) |
| Mother living with spouse/partner | −1.49 (1.32) |
−1.21 (1.33) |
−1.23 (1.33) |
1.63† (1.27) |
1.63† (1.28) |
1.66† (1.28) |
| Mother living w/parents | −.07 (1.91) |
−.22 (1.91) |
−.16 (1.91) |
.85 (1.85) |
.98 (1.85) |
1.02 (1.86) |
| Number of mother’s children in household | −.84† (.58) |
−.80† (.58) |
−.80† (.58) |
−.76† (.57) |
−.91† (.58) |
−.91† (.58) |
| Mother’s education | −.32 (.29) |
−.32 (.29) |
−.32 (.29) |
−.65* (.35) |
−.61* (.35) |
−.60* (.35) |
| Mother’s Armed Forces Qualifying Test score (AFQT) |
.32 (.31) |
.31 (.31) |
.33 (.31) |
−.42† (.32) |
−.37 (.32) |
−.37 (.32) |
| Mother’s age at child’s birth | −.44† (.28) |
−.44† (.29) |
−.46† (.29) |
.17 (.30) |
.05 (.30) |
.04 (.30) |
| Race/ethnicity: | ||||||
| Latinab | −.72 (1.70) |
−1.01 (1.71) |
−.94 (1.71) |
1.64 (1.68) |
1.62 (1.68) |
1.60 (1.69) |
| African−Americanb | .75 (1.79) |
.43 (1.80) |
.59 (1.82) |
.59 (1.65) |
.86 (1.67) |
.83 (1.67) |
| Region of residence: | ||||||
| Northeastc | −1.21 (1.61) |
−1.16 (1.61) |
−1.25 (1.61) |
−2.28 (1.69) |
−2.32 (1.69) |
−2.28 (1.70) |
| North Centralc | −2.69* (1.46) |
−2.82* (1.46) |
−2.86* (1.47) |
1.00 (1.45) |
.99 (1.45) |
1.01 (1.45) |
| Westc | .63 (1.54) |
.82 (1.54) |
.77 (1.55) |
1.67 (1.67) |
2.77† (1.67) |
2.72 (1.67) |
| Focal child’s birth order | .97† (.80) |
.73 (.82) |
.84 (.82) |
.69 (.88) |
.91 (.90) |
.89 (.90) |
| Characteristics of the focal child’s assessment | ||||||
| Focal child’s age at assessment | ||||||
| Spline 1: ages 4-10 | .18** (.06) |
.17** (.07) |
.18** (.07) |
.06 (.07) |
.05 (.07) |
.04 (.07) |
| Spline 2: ages 10+ | −.03 (.15) |
−.01 (.15) |
−.03 (.15) |
−.14 (.15) |
−.16 (.15) |
−.15 (.15) |
| Temporal order | −3.44* (1.70) |
−3.81* (1.71) |
−3.87* (1.72) |
.20 (1.79) |
.43 (1.79) |
.44 (1.80) |
| Total # assessments for this child | .30 (.70) |
.29 (.70) |
.27 (.70) |
.80 (.77) |
.79 (.77) |
.79 (.78) |
| Wave | .53 (.54) |
.68† (.55) |
.70† (.55) |
−.01 (.57) |
.15 (.58) |
.15 (.58) |
| Younger sibling same sex as older sibling | .73 (1.02) |
.66 (1.02) |
.75 (1.03) |
.23 (1.04) |
.29 (1.04) |
.28 (1.05) |
| Intercept | 58.36 | 58.80 | 58.63 | 48.05 | 50.13 | 50.20 |
| −2 Res Log Likelihood | 4469.9 | 4460.6 | 4453.2 | 4432.4 | 4425.0 | 4418.2 |
Notes:
Hp<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001; one-tailed tests except where noted.
a
Reference group is intended.
b
Reference group is non-Hispanic whites (two-tailed tests).
c
Reference group is South (two-tailed tests).
d
N = 492 subjects, 575 observations
e
N = 476 subjects, 569 observations