Table 2.

Estimates from three sets of models for LTC residents with high risk for pressure ulcers in NYS

Independent variables (Number of individual=59740; Number of facilities=619)	Base logit model	Conditional fixed-effects logit model	Random-effects model with Bootstrapping SE

	Odds Ratio	Odds Ratio	Odds Ratio

Black ⁺⁺⁺	1.203^***	0.970	0.976
% black residents (0–10 scale)	-	-	1.036^***

Age group1 (<=65)	reference	reference	reference
Age group2 (66–75)	1.295^***	1.227^***	1.245^***
Age group3 (76–85)	1.281^***	1.269^***	1.274^***
Age group4 (>=86 )	1.211^***	1.200^**	1.203^**
Male	1.253^***	1.248^***	1.253^***
Bed mobility-extensive assistance	1.428^***	1.564^***	1.546^***
Bed mobility-total dependence	1.844^***	2.072^***	2.022^***
Transfer restriction-extensive assistance	1.380^***	1.272^***	1.268^***
Transfer restriction-total dependence	2.231^***	2.065^***	2.056^***
Transfer restriction-total depend.×group3	1.169^***	1.162^**	1.166^**
Loss of voluntary movement	1.496^***	1.500^***	1.503^***
Loss of voluntary movement^* group3	0.911	0.889^*	0.893^*
Bedfast	1.927^***	1.875^***	1.941^***
Diabetes	2.047^***	1.941^***	1.969^***
Diabetes×group2	0.741^***	0.770^**	0.764^**
Diabetes×group3	0.696^***	0.719^***	0.716^***
Diabetes×group4	0.649^***	0.671^***	0.664^***
Peripheral vascular disease	1.247^***	1.342^***	1.310^***
Bladder continence	0.622^***	0.618^***	0.616^***
Bladder continence×group4	1.181^***	1.158^**	1.170^***
Bowel incontinence	1.460^***	1.333^***	1.345^***
Indwelling catheter	2.805^***	2.906^***	2.921^***
BMI<18.5	1.956^***	1.942^***	1.939^***
BMI (undefined)	1.128	1.201^**	1.198^**
BMI<18.5 ×group4	0.708^***	0.684^***	0.686^***
Weight loss	1.929^***	1.900^***	1.928^***
Weight loss×group4	1.115	1.149^**	1.137^*
End-stage disease	1.581^***	1.698^***	1.704^***
Hip fracture in last 180 days	2.532^***	2.590^***	2.609^***
Fracture×group2	0.504^*	0.527^*	0.506^*
Edema	1.496^***	1.669^***	1.641^***
Edema×group3	0.933	0.907	0.921
Profit			1.067^**
Number of beds (facility size)			1.000
Registered nurse hours/resident/day			0.877^*
Licensed practical nurse hours/resident/day			0.997
Certified nurse aide hours/resident/day			1.012
Occupancy rate			0.998
% Medicare residents (0–10 scale)			1.026
% Medicaid residents (0–10 scale)			1.021
Downstate			1.415^***

^***

p<0.01,

^**

p<0.05,

p<0.1;

⁺⁺⁺

The effect of race from base logit (1.203) model is significantly different from that from conditional fixed-effect (0.970) log model, with P<0.01.