Table 1.
Concentrations (ppbv) of Hydrocarbons, O3, and NO2 During Sampling Periods in Foshan, China
| |
Hazy days (December 10–13 and 27–28, 2008) |
Normal days (December 6–8 and 29–31, 2008) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrocarbons | Morninga | Afternoona | Eveninga | Meanb | Min.c | Max.c | Morninga | Afternoona | Eveninga | Meanb | Min.c | Max.c |
| Ethane | 22.71±9.47 | 11.95±6.17 | 16.57±8.31 | 17.08±8.86 | 7.61 | 38.47 | 11.95±3.14 | 8.69±1.78 | 11.67±3.28 | 10.77±3.05 | 5.53 | 17.12 |
| Propane | 17.50±7.49 | 13.14±4.11 | 16.22±3.69 | 15.62±5.39 | 7.57 | 29.01 | 10.34±1.21 | 8.86±1.24 | 11.33±2.41 | 10.18±1.92 | 6.56 | 14.32 |
| n-Butane | 5.68±1.87 | 3.49±1.17 | 4.42±1.37 | 4.53±1.68 | 2.24 | 9.00 | 2.27±0.60 | 1.83±0.62 | 2.40±0.98 | 2.17±0.75 | 0.74 | 3.73 |
| i-Butane | 5.32±2.24 | 3.14±1.23 | 4.39±1.15 | 4.28±1.78 | 1.85 | 8.48 | 1.97±0.58 | 1.35±0.65 | 2.00±1.00 | 1.77±0.78 | 0.23 | 3.81 |
| n-Pentane | 1.65±1.24 | 0.79±0.51 | 1.61±1.08 | 1.35±1.02 | 0.14 | 4.05 | 0.71±0.33 | 0.66±0.50 | 1.17±0.71 | 0.85±0.55 | 0.11 | 2.48 |
| i-Pentane | 14.91±8.37 | 30.99±10.67 | 18.49±12.72 | 21.46±12.33 | 5.28 | 43.37 | 6.11±6.69 | 6.84±2.99 | 6.27±3.64 | 6.41±4.45 | 1.61 | 19.20 |
| Cyclopentane | 0.35±0.17 | 0.26±0.10 | 0.36±0.14 | 0.32±0.14 | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.15±0.12 | 0.15±0.09 | 0.26±0.11 | 0.19±0.12 | 0.05 | 0.43 |
| n-Hexane | 2.09±1.63 | 3.99±6.09 | 2.41±1.57 | 2.83±3.62 | 0.60 | 16.26 | 0.94±0.83 | 0.79±0.52 | 2.66±4.46 | 1.47±2.63 | 0.23 | 11.75 |
| Cyclohexane | 0.50±0.37 | 0.27±0.18 | 0.57±0.50 | 0.45±0.38 | 0.08 | 1.52 | 0.16±0.09 | 0.16±0.14 | 0.77±1.24 | 0.36±0.74 | 0.06 | 3.28 |
| n-Heptane | 2.15±2.08 | 0.55±0.41 | 2.44±2.40 | 1.71±1.94 | 0.18 | 6.02 | 0.31±0.16 | 0.32±0.37 | 0.66±0.62 | 0.43±0.43 | 0.09 | 1.83 |
| n-Octane | 2.34±1.81 | 1.18±1.00 | 3.34±2.32 | 2.29±1.91 | 0.37 | 7.01 | 0.29±0.10 | 0.31±0.13 | 0.64±0.44 | 0.41±0.31 | 0.20 | 1.24 |
| Total alkanesd | 75.18±27.71 | 69.74±22.63 | 70.82±23.16 | 71.91±23.24 | 38.37 | 117.81 | 35.20±3.13 | 29.95±5.40 | 39.83±12.55 | 35.00±8.66 | 24.22 | 62.36 |
| Ethene | 30.65±18.40 | 16.59±3.64 | 32.74±7.56 | 26.66±13.22 | 11.21 | 64.98 | 13.83±6.61 | 10.03±4.69 | 16.66±6.25 | 13.51±6.21 | 1.49 | 26.24 |
| Propene | 10.04±5.76 | 5.20±2.79 | 10.90±3.10 | 8.71±4.64 | 2.02 | 18.20 | 5.12±1.65 | 3.59±1.64 | 6.24±3.17 | 4.99±2.41 | 1.44 | 10.38 |
| i-Butene | 2.65±1.70 | 1.56±0.66 | 3.28±1.84 | 2.50±1.59 | 0.84 | 6.10 | 1.42±0.46 | 1.10±0.84 | 1.59±0.93 | 1.37±0.75 | 0.46 | 2.91 |
| trans-2-Butene | 0.99±0.73 | 0.37±0.22 | 1.29±0.46 | 0.88±0.62 | 0.12 | 2.08 | 0.32±0.08 | 0.27±0.09 | 0.45±0.20 | 0.35±0.15 | 0.14 | 0.70 |
| cis-2-Butene | 0.70±0.50 | 0.28±0.11 | 0.87±0.45 | 0.62±0.45 | 0.12 | 1.50 | 0.27±0.09 | 0.23±0.10 | 0.44±0.25 | 0.31±0.18 | 0.13 | 0.78 |
| Isoprene | 0.37±0.26 | 0.37±0.11 | 0.60±0.13 | 0.45±0.20 | 0.15 | 0.81 | 0.22±0.07 | 0.26±0.17 | 0.30±0.16 | 0.26±0.13 | 0.06 | 0.57 |
| trans-2-Pentene | 0.55±0.31 | 0.16±0.08 | 0.47±0.31 | 0.39±0.30 | 0.08 | 0.90 | 0.15±0.06 | 0.14±0.09 | 0.24±0.18 | 0.18±0.12 | 0.03 | 0.52 |
| Total alkenesd | 45.95±26.34 | 24.52±7.02 | 50.15±11.77 | 40.21±19.82 | 15.48 | 93.75 | 21.35±7.54 | 15.62±6.38 | 25.92±9.71 | 20.97±8.67 | 4.94 | 38.67 |
| Ethyne | 36.12±15.74 | 25.68±8.64 | 35.30±13.05 | 32.36±12.99 | 18.31 | 64.10 | 13.51±2.80 | 11.91±2.91 | 14.62±3.73 | 13.35±3.19 | 7.03 | 19.76 |
| Benzene | 5.61±4.58 | 3.66±3.38 | 8.08±2.98 | 5.78±3.95 | 1.24 | 14.29 | 1.89±0.64 | 2.18±1.23 | 2.92±1.06 | 2.33±1.04 | 0.44 | 4.16 |
| Toluene | 20.28±10.11 | 10.29±5.51 | 19.77±8.90 | 16.78±9.20 | 5.13 | 34.78 | 3.98±2.43 | 3.21±1.43 | 4.02±2.32 | 3.74±2.02 | 1.40 | 7.95 |
| Ethylbenzene | 5.60±5.72 | 1.88±1.75 | 5.55±4.02 | 4.34±4.30 | 0.43 | 13.06 | 0.92±1.01 | 0.45±0.18 | 0.87±0.69 | 0.75±0.70 | 0.21 | 2.81 |
| m-/p-Xylene | 2.71±2.47 | 1.09±1.43 | 3.57±1.99 | 2.46±2.17 | 0.14 | 5.97 | 0.67±0.63 | 0.29±0.13 | 0.62±0.45 | 0.53±0.46 | 0.13 | 1.63 |
| o-Xylene | 1.69±1.71 | 0.57±0.63 | 1.68±1.16 | 1.31±1.29 | 0.10 | 4.31 | 0.35±0.35 | 0.22±0.15 | 0.35±0.28 | 0.30±0.26 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
| Total aromaticsd | 35.89±23.52 | 17.48±11.97 | 38.65±16.99 | 30.67±19.58 | 7.04 | 67.29 | 7.82±4.85 | 6.35±3.02 | 8.78±4.57 | 7.65±4.10 | 2.90 | 16.41 |
| Total NMHCsd | 193.14±90.75 | 137.42±39.20 | 194.92±53.96 | 175.16±66.97 | 95.97 | 342.95 | 77.88±11.34 | 63.83±15.47 | 89.16±27.92 | 76.96±21.24 | 39.09 | 128.07 |
| NO2e | 13.31±4.00 | 13.39±6.15 | 20.05±9.85 | 15.58±7.41 | 7.30 | 32.14 | 30.92±17.43 | 27.43±18.15 | 18.34±18.29 | 25.57±16.37 | 6.33 | 63.30 |
| O3e | 4.71±3.70 | 33.29±14.25 | 3.27±0.90 | 13.75±16.32 | 0.47 | 46.67 | 5.68±4.74 | 25.36±3.93 | 3.12±0.89 | 11.38±10.77 | 1.40 | 31.27 |
a
The arithmetic mean and standard deviation for data collected from the same sampling duration.
b
The total arithmetic mean and standard deviation for all data on hazy or normal days.
c
The minimum (Min.) (or the maximum [Max.]) value of data on hazy or normal days.
d
Total alkanes, total alkenes, total aromatics, and total NMHCs were the sum of the listed alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and all hydrocarbon concentrations, respectively.
e
Data of O3 and NO2 concentrations were collected from Foshan Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB), Foshan.
NMHC, nonmethane hydrocarbon.