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. 2011 Oct 11;87(8):529–549. doi: 10.2183/pjab.87.529

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© 2011 The Japan Academy

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Three mechanisms for the origin of ctDNA-homologous mtDNA segments: (1) vertical transmission of a prokaryote DNA segment (orthology), (2) interorganellar DNA transfer from the ct to mt genome (xenology) and (3) amplification of an orthologous or xenologous DNA segment in the mitochondrion (paralogy). Circle: prokaryote genome and plant organellar genome. Thick arc on DNA molecule: homologous DNA segment descended from the prokaryote genome or by xenology or paralogy.